Anaphylactic shock is a sudden and serious life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity leading to a rapid, irreversible fatal circulatory collapse. Postmortem diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis is a very sophisticated task in forensic medicine; it is usually excluded as the cause of death due to lack of autopsy findings. This study aims to find more specific criteria for the postmortem diagnosis of induced fatal anaphylaxis in rats by assessing the levels of total tryptase, histamine,

Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) could provoke a renal dysfunction. However, beneficial extra-hematopoietic effect of erythropoietin might guard against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity. Objectives: Determination of renoprotective erythropoietin’s role against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through elucidating its renofunctional and renomorphological effects in adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 60 adult male Albino rats, equally divided into three groups; group 1 (control): treated with intraperitoneal injections of normal saline at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg BW twice weekly for 9 weeks. group 2: injected with MTX hydrate intraperitoneal twice weekly at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg BW for 9 weeks; and group 3: intraperitoneal injected with MTX hydrate in a similar dosage and duration like group 2 concomitant with subcutaneous injection of 100 IU/kg recombinant human erythropoietin once weekly for 9 weeks. At the study end, serum urea and creatinine together with albuminuria were measured, rats were sacrificed and renal sections were prepared for histopathological examination. Results: Significantly increased values of renal function analyzed substances with deteriorated histopathological renal changes were detected in the MTX-treated group compared to either the control or to the MTX and erythropoietin co-treated group. The later displayed statistically significant decreased levels of the substances accompanied by remarkably ameliorated microscopic renal changes. Additionally, insignificant statistical biochemical and morphological renal differences were noticed between the third and control groups. Conclusion: This study concluded valuable and efficient defense against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in adult male Albino rats when co-treated with erythropoietin.

Summary Flap options for upper limb reconstruction have increased due to better understanding of its vascular anatomy. The posterior interosseus artery flap (PIAF) is used to cover defects of the wrist, hand, proximal thumb, and first web space. This flap has many advantages but requires good knowledge about the anatomy of the posterior interosseus artery (PIOA) and its perforators. Methods Twenty upper extremity cadaveric specimens were injected with red latex, Fine dissection of the PIOA and its perforators took place; the perforators were counted, measured, described and photographed. Twenty patients with dorsal hand defects, had PIAF. Cases have Post-operative care and followed up for 6 months post-operative. Results The PIOA was constant in all cadaveric dissections and gave off 4–8 septocutaneous perforators along its course between the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and extensor digitorum (EDM) muscles. The mean distance of the distal most perforator in the middle third forearm from the ulnar styloid was 10.39 ± 1.54 cm. The anastomosis between the PIOA and the anterior interosseus artery (AIOA) was there in all specimens. Venous congestion occurred in 10% of the cases and was managed conservatively. Necrosis of the distal third of the flap was inevitable in one case; excellent results were obtained in the other cases 90%. Conclusions The posterior interosseus artery flap is an excellent perforator flap for hand reconstruction preserving the ulnar and radial artery; but it has a possible complications such as venous congestion or partial flap necrosis that could be managed conservatively. Level of evidence II.

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