Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is considered a highly contagious disease with flu-like symptoms and causing relatively high level of death. It can be transmitted from a person to another through droplets and that makes the dentists at high risk of infection. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the awareness and knowledge of dental students about the signs and symptoms of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and to evaluate their awareness about the required infection control measures during the dental treatment to control the spread of the disease. A questionnaire was formed using Google forms and distributed among dental students and interns in different universities in Cairo, Egypt. Questions were about signs and symptoms of COVID-19, attitude of the dentists toward dental treatment of suspected patients and the required personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection control measures at the dental clinic. Results The majority of the participants strongly agreed/agreed that COVID-19 is a highly dangerous disease, Participants reported that the most common symptom is difficulty in breathing (89.4%) followed by fever (84.4%). Face shield was the most recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) during dental treatment (98.6%) followed by disposable gown (96.3%). The majority of participants (84.8%) recommended using 70% ethyl alcohol as the first method to disinfect surfaces in between dental visits, followed by sodium hypochlorite. Conclusions Dental students and interns in Cairo, Egypt, have good knowledge and awareness about COVID-19 and the necessary precautions required to provide adequate dental treatment for the patients during the pandemic COVID-19; however, the importance of infection control should be highlighted for both clinical and preclinical dental students, to provide safe dental treatment to the patients as well as protection of the dentists and healthcare workers.
Background Growth and development of the dental arch is considered a continuous and complex biological process. During transition from primary to mixed then to permanent dentition, dental arch form, length and width vary, due to tooth movement and vertical growth of alveolar process. These naturally occurring changes, which happen in untreated individuals, have been used as a comparative standard to assist in diagnosis and treatment planning of children with malocclusion. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze dental arch dimensions in Egyptian children and adolescents with normal occlusion in primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions as well as detection of the most common forms of the dental arches among a group of Egyptian children and adolescents. Results Results showed that lower and upper arch lengths showed increase during transition from mixed to permanent dentition. A small increase in lower anterior arch length was recorded during transition from primary (4.63) to mixed dentition (4.70), while reduction of upper anterior arch length was observed during transition from primary (8.35) to mixed dentitions. An increase in anterior arch length was observed in both arches during transition from mixed to permanent dentitions (from 4.70 to 5.42 in the mandible and from7.92 to 9.90 in the maxilla). Arch perimeter, intercanine width, intermolar width increased in the upper and lower arches during transition between dentition till reaching the permanent dentition. It was also found that the ovoid arch form (58%) and square arch form (29%) were the most prevalent among Egyptian children and adolescents followed by the tapered arch form (13%). Conclusions Dental arch measurements of Egyptian children and adolescents can be used as a guide for treatment planning of Egyptian children and can be used in further studies to provide standard values for the arch dimensions of the Egyptian children. Regarding the arch form, the ovoid arch form was the most common among the Egyptian population followed by the square while the tapered arch form was the least common one.
Smear layer, XP endo Finisher, EDDY The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of recent irrigant activation methods on cleanliness of the root canals and removal of the smear layer. Materials and Methods:Thirty single-rooted human mandibular premolars with single straight canals were used in this study. Root canals were mechanically prepared using Path files then BT race system till size (#35/0.04). Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups, according to the irrigatnt activation method used. Control group (conventional irrigation) and two experimental groups according to the method used for irrigant activation in the root canal, EDDY group and XP endo finisher group (n = 10).Then teeth were split vertically to be prepared for SEM examination. The root canals were photomicrographed at magnification of 6000X to assess the presence of smear layer in coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Results showed significant increase of remaining smear layer at the apical third in all groups in comparison to middle and coronal thirds. Eddy and Xp endo finisher succeeded in removal of smear layer specially at the middle and apical third with significant difference than the conventional method without activation. There was non significant difference between Eddy and XP endo finisher in removal of smear layer at the middle and apical thirds. Conclusion: New irrigant activation systems improves the removal of smear layer than the traditional syringe method.
Background The most critical part in management of children in the dental clinic is control of pain and this can be achieved through local anesthesia. When the treatment plan includes extraction of mandibular primary molars, the nerve block technique is the technique of choice for administration of local anesthesia. However, this technique is accompanied with discomfort due to deep penetration of the needle, possibility of nerve injury, hematoma as well as risk of self-inflicted trauma. Therefore, researchers have searched for an alternative technique to facilitate providing painless dental treatment for the child with avoidance of the possible complications of the nerve block technique, and this can be achieved by using a strong and deeply penetrating type of local anesthesia like articaine 4% that can be effective when administered with infiltration technique. The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of infiltration anesthesia using alexadricaine 4% and Mepecaine-L 2% in control of pain during extraction of lower 2nd primary molars in children and to compare the change in the heart rate that occurs as a consequence of pain during extraction. A total of 50 children were included in the current study, pain assessment was performed through measuring physiological parameter (pulse rate), subjective parameter (Wong–Baker Facial Pain Scale) and objective parameter (Sound Eye Motor scale). Results showed that there was significant increase in the pulse rate in both groups, while extraction using alexadricaine showed significantly lower pain scores either with Wong–Baker Facial Pain Scale (WBFPS) or with Sound Eye Motor scale (SEM). Conclusions Using a potent anesthetic solution like alexadricaine 4% facilitates extraction of mandibular primary molars, and achieves efficient pain control, with infiltration technique only without any need for the invasive nerve block technique.
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