No abstract

The use of a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts with (1,6)-beta-glucan has permitted the study of the different covalent linkages between glucan and mannoproteins in the cell wall of Candida albicans. The mAb JRR1 was originally raised by immunization with Zymolyase extracts from C. albicans cell walls, but it soon became apparent that it reacted with a (1,6)-beta-glucan epitope. By using this antibody, we show the existence of glucan-mannoprotein complexes between the (1,6)-beta-glucan epitope recognized by the antibody and cell wall mannoproteins. The topology of the (1,6)-beta-glucan in the cell wall of C. albicans has also been studied.

The kinectics of incorporation of two precursor mannoproteins into the regenerating cell wall of Candida albicans protoplasts have been followed at 28 degrees C and 37 degrees C using two monoclonal antibodies specific for protein epitopes (MAb 1B12 and 4C12) as probes. Both molecules were secreted from the beginning of the regeneration process, and their incorporation was retarded significantly. Analysis of the secreted materials by Western immunoblotting with MAb 1B12 allowed the identification of two closely migrating bands at apparent Mr higher than 170 kDa and significant amounts of a highly polydisperse material of even greater molecular mass. Some of these mannoproteinaceous species carried both N- and O-glycosidically linked mannose residues, as deduced from their drop in apparent Mr when synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin and by their reactivity with Concanavalin A. Following secretion, the molecules reacting with MAb 1B12 were incorporated into the regenerating walls by covalent binding. Then, when the antigen molecules were solubilized from partially regenerated walls, their mobility differed when regeneration took place at 28 degrees C (blastoconidia) or 37 degrees C (mycelial cells).

B u rjassot (Va lenci a), 5 pa i nThe topological distribution of two epitopes in the cell wall of Candida albicans, the kinetics of their incorporation into the regenerating protoplast wall, and the effect of different antibiotics upon their incorporation and localization have been studied. To do so, two monoclonal antibodies that react against an 0-glycosylated mannoprotein (1 B12) and against a 1,6-P-glucan epitope (JRR1) were used. The results show that the JRRl epitope is localized in an internal layer o f the cell wall, in contrast to the 1B12 epitope, which is superficial, and that the incorporation o f the JRRl epitope into walls of regenerating protoplasts precedes that of the 1 B12 epitope. The JRRl epitope is normally found in the culture medium of control cells, but not in that of papulacandin-B-treated cells, and tunicamycin interferes with the incorporation of the 1B12 epitope into the cell walls. Finally, the results support the hypothesis that mannoproteins are not 1,6-/?-glycosylated before their secret ion.

No abstract

The kinectics of incorporation of two precursor mannoproteins into the regenerating cell wall of Candida albicans protoplasts have been followed at 28 degrees C and 37 degrees C using two monoclonal antibodies specific for protein epitopes (MAb 1B12 and 4C12) as probes. Both molecules were secreted from the beginning of the regeneration process, and their incorporation was retarded significantly. Analysis of the secreted materials by Western immunoblotting with MAb 1B12 allowed the identification of two closely migrating bands at apparent Mr higher than 170 kDa and significant amounts of a highly polydisperse material of even greater molecular mass. Some of these mannoproteinaceous species carried both N- and O-glycosidically linked mannose residues, as deduced from their drop in apparent Mr when synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin and by their reactivity with Concanavalin A. Following secretion, the molecules reacting with MAb 1B12 were incorporated into the regenerating walls by covalent binding. Then, when the antigen molecules were solubilized from partially regenerated walls, their mobility differed when regeneration took place at 28 degrees C (blastoconidia) or 37 degrees C (mycelial cells).

The possession of an antiviral resistance mutation benefits a virus when the corresponding antiviral is present. But does the resistant virus pay a fitness cost when the antiviral is absent? Would an evolutionary history of association between a genotype and a resistance mutation overcome this cost by changes compensating the harmful side-effect of resistance mutations? Are combined therapies more effective against the rise of resistant viruses or against evolutionary compensations? To explore all these questions, we took an experimental evolution approach. After selecting vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations able to replicate under increasing concentrations of ribavirin and/or alpha-interferon, we evolved them for more than 100 generations under sub-inhibitory concentrations of the corresponding antivirals, allowing for evolutionary compensation. Our results show that resistance for these two antivirals was not easily achieved, being the selected populations generally less fit than the ancestrals both in presence and absence of the antivirals. Evolution in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antivirals compensated for the reduction in fitness in presence of antiviral therapy.