W e are currently witnessing the fourth industrial revolution 1 . Technological innovations have altered the way in which economies operate and how people interact with built, social and natural environments. One area of transformation is the emergence of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), defined as technologies that can sense, analyse, interact with and manipulate their physical environment 2 . RAS include unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), self-driving cars, robots able to repair infrastructure, and wireless sensor networks used for monitoring. RAS therefore have a large range of potential applications, such as autonomous transport, waste collection, infrastructure maintenance and repair, policing 2,3 and precision agriculture 4 (Fig. 1). RAS have already revolutionized how environmental data are collected 5 and how species populations are monitored for conservation 6 and/or control 7 . Globally, the RAS market is projected to grow from $6.2 billion in 2018 to $17.7 billion in 2026 8 .Concurrent with this technological revolution, urbanization continues at an unprecedented rate. By 2030, an additional 1.2 million km 2 of the planet's surface will be covered by towns and cities, with ~90% of this development happening in Africa and
L'horticulture ornementale est en plein essor au Togo, mais reste méconnue, ainsi que son secteur commercial. Cette étude réalise un inventaire floristique et présente la morphologie des espèces utilisées en horticulture ornementale au Togo. Sur les 55 exploitations étudiées, 612 espèces sont recensées et identifiées. Ces espèces sont regroupées en 72 familles et les plus riches en nombre de genre sont entre autres les Arecaceae et les Cactaceae. Par ailleurs, les plus visibles dans le pays sont les Nyctaginaceae, les Annonaceae et les Rubiaceae. Très peu de ces espèces sont autochtones pourtant, il est urgent de mieux valoriser la flore locale spontanée.
Structure des peuplements naturels de Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.dans le domaine soudanien, au Niger et au Burkina Faso erinaceus augmente de manière significative (P < 0,003) de la zone sahélo-soudanienne à la zone soudano-guinéenne : 1,2 ± 0,7 pied/ha dans la zone sahélo-soudanienne ; 2,6 ± 2,2 pieds/ha dans la zone nord-soudanienne ; 6,1 ± 4,6 pieds/ha dans la zone sud-soudanienne ; 15,0 ± 1,1 pieds/ha dans la zone soudano-guinéenne. L'analyse des structures en diamètre et en hauteur révèle une augmentation de la fréquence des individus jeunes suivant le gradient pluviomé-trique. Par contre, l'intensité de l'exploitation est plus élevée dans les zones les moins arrosées, où l'espèce s'avère menacée.B o i s e t f o r ê t s d e s t r o p i q u e s , 2 0 1 5 , n° 3 2 5 ( 3 ) PTEROCARPUS ERINACEUS 71 B o i s e t f o r ê t s d e s t r o p i q u e s , 2 0 1 5 , n° 3 2 5 ( 3 )
BackgroundThe Pteridaceae family is the largest fern family in Togo by its specific and generic diversity. Like all other families of ferns in the country, Pteridaceae are poorly studied and has no identification key. The objective of this study is to perform a taxonomic revision and list establishment of this family of leptosporangiate ferns in the light of current available knowledge about the family. Pteridaceae was also assessed in terms of its diversity and conservation status, this was conducted through the recent field data and the existing herbaria specimens. The current study permits to confirm the presence of Pteris similis Kuhn. which brought the number of Pteridaceae to 17 in Togo.New informationThis study provides first local scientific information about the fern flora of Togo. It confirmed the presence of Pteris similis Kuhn. in Togo and brought the Pteridaceae family diversity to 17 species. A species identification key is provided for the easy identification of the Pteridaceae of Togo.
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