In this study were evaluated the anaesthesia and analgesic effects of clove Eugenia caryophyllata, tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and basil Ocimum basilicum essential oils (EO) during handling of yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii. Juveniles (3.70 ± 0.75 cm and 1.03 ± 0.50 g; mean ± standard deviation) were submitted to concentrations of tea tree oils (n=10/concentration), previously defined in pilot tests. Individually and only once, fish from each treatment were placed in a glass recipient containing 1 L of seawater at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g L -1 and the specific concentration of diluted EO (stock solution). Control (only seawater) and blank (seawater and ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the oils) treatments were also conducted. After reaching the stage of surgical anaesthesia, fish were submitted to biometry and a sensibility test. After that, they were transferred to clean seawater for anaesthesia recovery. The times of induction needed to reach each anaesthesia stage and anaesthesia recovery were recorded. Animals were observed for 72 hours after the procedures. All the EO provoked anaesthesia and analgesic effects in A. clarkii, but basil oil is not recommended because it caused involuntary muscle contractions and mortality in 100% and 12% of fish, respectively. The lower concentrations that promote suitable induction and recovery times are 50 µl L -1 of clove oil and 500 µl L -1 of tea tree oil. However, due to its complementary high analgesic efficiency, clove oil is recommended as the ideal anaesthetic for A. clarkii. , 500 e 600 µl L -1 de melaleuca (n=10/concentração), previamente definidas em testes pilotos. Individualmente e somente uma vez, os peixes de cada tratamento foram colocados em recipiente de vidro contendo 1 L de água salgada, em temperatura de 25 °C, salinidade de 35 g L -1 e a concentração específica de OE diluída (solução estoque). Tratamentos controle (apenas água marinha) e branco (água marinha e a maior concentração de etanol utilizada para diluição dos óleos) também foram conduzidos. Após atingirem o estágio de anestesia cirúrgica, os peixes foram submetidos à biometria e teste de sensibilidade. Em seguida, foram transferidos para água marinha limpa. Os tempos necessários para atingir cada estágio anestésico e recuperação foram registrados. Os animais foram observados por 72 horas após os procedimentos. Todos os OE provocaram anestesia e analgesia em A. clarkii, porém o óleo de manjericão não é recomendado, pois causou contrações musculares involuntárias e mortalidade em 100% e 12% dos animais, respectivamente. As menores concentrações que promovem indução anestésica e recuperação em tempos adequados são 50 µl L -1 de óleo de cravo e 500 µl L -1 de óleo de melaleuca. Entretanto, devido à sua alta eficiência analgésica complementar, o óleo de cravo é recomendado como o anestésico ideal para A. clarkii. Keywords
SummaryMarine angelfish (family: Pomacanthidae) are among the most sought-after fish species in the saltwater aquarium trade. However, there is a lack of information in the literature on their early ontogeny. The objective of this study was to describe the embryonic and early larval development of two dwarf angelfish, the bicolour angelfish, Centropyge bicolor and the coral beauty angelfish, Centropyge bispinosa. The eggs of these two species were obtained from spontaneous spawning of the broodstock fish in captivity and incubated at 26.0 ± 0.2°C throughout the study. Fertilized eggs (n = 15) of both species are transparent, pelagic and spherical; the mean diameters of the eggs were measured at 703.6 ± 7.8 μm for C. bicolor and 627.6 ± 7.8 μm for C. bispinosa. The eggs of both species possessed a narrow perivitelline space, smooth and thin chorion, a homogenous and non-segmented yolk as well as a single oil globule. Overall, the observed embryonic development pattern of C. bicolor and C. bispinosa was very similar, and the main difference was the embryonic pigmentation pattern, which only became evident close to hatching. Larvae of both species started hatching at 13 h 30 min after fertilization, and the larval characteristics of both species also showed high levels of similarities. However, the mouth opening time for C. bicolor was 72 h after hatching (AH) and 96 AH for C. bispinosa. In general, the observed early ontogeny of C. bicolor and C. bispinosa also resembled that of other Centropyge species documented in the literature.
The participation of women in different areas of society is important for human reproduction and the development of various economic, social and cultural activities. The objective of this study was to reflect on woman participation in aquaculture in the Marajó archipelago (Pará - Brazil). The study was based on reports from five women who practice fish farming in the municipality of Curralinho, in March 2020. This methodology was the result of an extension project “Transfer of technology through training and technical assistance for fish farmers of tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, in the archipelago of Marajó/PA”, from the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA) Campus Breves. We observed that the creation of tambaqui in the region is also practiced by women, for subsistence. They have approximately 2 years of experience with fish farming. Most aquaculture companies are between 18 and 66 years old, have 2 to 4 children, with elementary education and are not part of any social organization. The training course on Good Management Practices in Fish Farming (BPM) aimed at strengthening the activity for the female group. In conclusion, women are protagonists of their own history and are present in the aquaculture universe, being important figures in the productive context in Marajó, Eastern Amazon.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo aplicar técnicas de Educação Ambiental (EA) aos estudantes da escola Adventista de Breves, Arquipélago do Marajó (Pará, Brasil), integrada aos assuntos da pesca e aquicultura. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário, palestras, atividade virtual de ensino/aprendizagem, demonstrativa e aplicação da escala hedônica facial, para 29 discentes do ensino fundamental. Os resultados indicam que o uso das técnicas de EA são importantes na escola, assim como o direcionamento para gerar mudanças de comportamento em relação ao meio ambiente. Foi possível identificar que 91% estudantes possuem conhecimentos sobre EA, uma parcela considerável não sabe que a pesca predatória pode acarretar a extinção de peixes, demonstrando que projetos de Educação Ambiental voltados para aquicultura são necessários para uma melhor conscientização ambiental.
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