Conventional rapid sand filters are commonly used in every water treatment plant. In India, the major source of water is rain fall. In 2014 India faced severe drought due to improper storage facilities and poor management. Hence, it is today's need to reduce the wastage of water and conserve it for future generations. This is also the major problem associated with conventional rapid sand filter. Along with this, other problems of the filter are stratification which mud ball formation, less effluent quality, high requirement of backwash water and wastage of media sand etc.We will try to design a rapid sand filter that can be achieved. However, this technique is limited in India due to unavailability of filter materials apart from sand. Capping of existing rapid sand filters can be done for improving the performance of rapid sand filter. This can be done using different capping materials like anthracite coal, bituminous coal, crushed coconut shells, PVC granules, PVC media, synthetic fiber etc. Capping is process in which upper sand bed layer of few cm is replaced with capping material. Some materials suitable for capping are anthracite coal, PVC granules, Polypropylene bids, and bituminous coal, broken brick etc. In the present work conventional rapid sand filter and capped rapid sand filter are compared.
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