Modified Rapid Sand Filtration with Capping

Sabale, Ranjeet

doi:10.22214/ijraset.2018.3349

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Capping is a process in which the upper sand layer in the rapid sand filter is replaced with other materials such as Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) granules, anthracite coal, bituminous coal, broken brick etc. (Sabale, 2014). Activated carbon is sometimes used in filter as an adsorbent of organic compounds thus, resulting in reduction of taste and odour.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activated carbon is sometimes used in filter as an adsorbent of organic compounds thus, resulting in reduction of taste and odour. In a modified rapid sand filter where PVC granules and ferric chloride were used as capping materials, lower turbidity and total dissolved solids were achieved (Bibhabasu, 2017 andSabale, 2018). When coconut shell was used in a filtration media, the results show 90% reduction in turbidity, 89% decrease in total solids and considerable decline in pH and biochemical oxygen demand (Singha, 2018).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of rapid sand filter for water treatment using sand and activated carbon

AYOOLA- AKINWUNMI,

ADEWALE-ADESINA- ADEBANWI

2024

Global J. Eng. Technol. Adv.

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It is pertinent to provide safe drinking water to the people as quality of water keeps deteriorating. According to World Health Organization (WHO), water and hygiene are the primary drivers of public health. Filtration is a water treatment process used for removal of microorganisms and colloidal matters from raw water, therefore this study aims at comparing the effects of sand and activated carbon when used separately in rapid sand filters for water treatment. Fabrication of two models of the rapid sand filters were carried out with 1.2mm stainless steel plates. One of the filters was loaded with gravel (grain size 5mm) at the bottom and this was followed by coarse sand (grain size 3mm) and fine sand (grain size 1mm) at the top. The second filter was loaded with gravel at the bottom and this was followed by coarse sand, fine sand and capped with activated carbon. Raw water, obtained from borehole was stored in a tank and made to pass through each of these filters independently. Sample of the raw water was collected for laboratory analysis in addition to samples of the treated water from each of the two rapid sand filters. The outcomes of the tests reveal that the filtration processes had positive impact on the raw water but the filter capped with activated carbon produced better quality water. The use of activated carbon as the topmost material in a rapid sand filter is recommended as it enhances the quality of treated water in parameters such as colour, conductivity, chloride, hardness, sulphate, total dissolved solids, sodium, magnesium, iron and total plate count. The rapid sand filters would afterwards be used for students’ practical to explain filtration as a water treatment process.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of rapid sand filter for water treatment using sand and activated carbon

AYOOLA- AKINWUNMI,

ADEWALE-ADESINA- ADEBANWI

2024

Global J. Eng. Technol. Adv.

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“…Безпосереднє зменшення об'єму води при промивці можливо в результаті застосування повітряно-водяної [5] пульсуючої або дискретної [5,6] промивки, врахування мінливості фізичних властивостей води та завантаження [7]. Важливою задачею при регенерації є також запобігання розшарування зерен фільтруючої засипки [5,8].…”

Section: аналіз останніх досліджень і публікаційunclassified

Reasoning of the Efficiency of Consistent Filtration on Rapid Filters

Karahiaur

Syrovatskyi

Titov

et al. 2023

MEC

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Consistent filtration of water through rapid filters with different filter loadings is a promising way to reduce operating costs at water treatment plants. Operating costs are related with the need to regenerate the granular loading, i.e. restore its retention capacity. Regeneration is carried out by washing with clean water, which removes retained sediment from the loading pores. Washing takes place with a fairly high intensity, which is the reason for significant volumes of washing water. The amount of washing water can be reduced increasing the period between washings. The frequency of washing is also influenced by the turbidity of the initial water. When increase of rapid filters efficiency is reasoning, it is necessary to take into account oscillations in initial turbidity. Purpose is reasoning of the practicability of using a consistent scheme and research of its effectiveness under conditions of change in the content of suspended solid in the initial water. Theoretical studies were carried out on the basis of the known dependencies of the theory of filtering by D.M. Mintz. These dependencies establish a relationship between the time of the protective action and the time when the head loss reaches the limit values with the filtering parameters: filtration rate, equivalent diameter of the granular loading, thickness of the loading layer, quality of the water entering the treatment. The algorithm and principle of comparison of consistent and traditional schemes are described. Graphical dependences of the influence on the efficiency of consistent filtration of pretreatment degree and turbidity of the initial water were obtained. As an efficiency criterion, the ratio for the compared schemes of the longest periods of filter operation between washings is taken. The effectiveness of increasing filtration rate when the initial water quality is worsening is shown. The conducted studies showed the advantages of consistent using of rapid filters: an increase in the period between washings, more stable operation when the turbidity of the initial water changes. Keywords: consistent filtration, protective action, head losses, filtering granular loading, turbidity.

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“…These systems have proven to be economical and sustainable. The preference for conventional water treatment processes in other developing countries is reported by Sabale et al (2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nyagwencha et al (2012) notes that disinfection using chlorine has now become a common practice at homes in developing countries. Sabale et al (2014) define filtration as a physical, chemical, and, in some instances, biological process involving the separation of suspended and colloidal impurities from water by passage through porous media. Malcolm (2017) discusses the different types of filtration systems and further notes that Rapid Gravity Sand Filters (RGSF) remain the most widely and commonly adopted all over the world due to ease of operation and high filtration rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of crushed slates as a suitable capping material for rapid gravity sand filters

Njung’e,

Kakoi,

Mburu

2023

jagst

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In the potable water treatment process, Rapid Gravity Sand Filters (RGSF) are commonly adopted as the last solid-liquid separation stage. Cleaning of the RGSF is done through backwashing. RGSF is widely adopted all over the World due to its ease of operation and high filtration rates. However, these filters suffer from stratification of the sand media, which causes floc removal to occur only at the topmost layer of the filter bed, leaving the remaining depth unutilized. Capping is a technique whereby a thin layer of sand filter media is replaced with a suitable coarse material to overcome the problem of stratification and transform a singlemedia RGSF into a dual-media filter. The objective of this study is to determine the suitability of crushed slates as a capping material. The study evaluated the performance of a crushed expanded slate-capped filter against a conventional single-media RGSF, the effects of its physical and chemical characteristics, and varying the depth of the capping material. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of slates from Maji ya Chumvi (Coast, Kenya). This included specific gravity, acid solubility, water extractable substances, silica content, and friability. A performance comparison was carried out by means of a fabricated model filtration unit set up within an existing community water treatment plant. The model filtration unit was fed with pretreated raw water of varying influent turbidities. Crushed expanded slates met the minimum physical and chemical requirements for use as a capping material for RGSF. The crushed expanded slate-capped RGSF model demonstrated high robustness under high shock turbidity loads (above 150 NTU), which is illustrated by an increased length of filter run of 27% (50–150 NTU) and 45% (150–300 NTU). Increasing the depth of capping material from 25mm to 50mm did not yield any significant improvement or deterioration in the filter run length. At influent turbidities below 150 NTU, the effluent water quality for all three scenarios (uncapped, 25 mm, and 50mm crushed expanded slates capped) is below 5 NTU and therefore meets the Kenyan drinking water standards. Above 150 NTU influent turbidity, the effluent water quality for the uncapped RGSF deteriorates, whereas for the 25mm and 50mm capped RGSF, it remains consistently below 5 NTU. This demonstrates the usefulness of the crushed expanded slates in improving the turbidity removal of RGSF for high (above 150 NTU) turbidity loads. This study recommends a full-scale trial of crushed expanded slates to facilitate a more precise estimation of the overall benefit of full-scale community water filtration systems.

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Modified Rapid Sand Filtration with Capping

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Fabrication of rapid sand filter for water treatment using sand and activated carbon

Fabrication of rapid sand filter for water treatment using sand and activated carbon

Reasoning of the Efficiency of Consistent Filtration on Rapid Filters

Evaluation of crushed slates as a suitable capping material for rapid gravity sand filters

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