Introduction: Adolescent phase in girls is a transition from girlhood to womanhood and marks the onset of female puberty. Puberty is the age at which the internal reproductive organs reach maturity, usually between the age of 11 to 15 years and Menarche is a biological, psychological, social, as well as behavioral transition for an adolescent girl from girlhood to womanhood. Menstruation is the most important physiological and biological sign of female puberty. It is the results of changes in hormones in the body and it’s a natural phenomenon; most of the adolescent girls have some wrong beliefs and behavior regarding menstruation. The main of this study is to provide adequate knowledge about menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. It will help to develop and improve the hygienic pattern of menstruation and reduce the risk of reproductive tract infections. Methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study quantitative research approach was used in the study; pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design was selected. The data were collected from 45 Adolescent girls from 6th to 9th standard students of Guru Ram Das International School Rudrapur, Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand. And the non probability purposive sampling technique was used. The tools used for the study was (1) structured questionnaire to assess the socio-demographic data and (2) Structured questionnaire to assess knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene. Result: The finding of study revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score (18.80) was significant greater than the pre-test knowledge score (13.57) of experimental group of student, [t (44) = 9.47, P<0.05]. The result showed that there was significant association between knowledge of student regarding menstrual hygiene with per month family income and previous knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene as the Chi square value for per month family income and (25.76, P<0.05) and previous knowledge about menstrual hygiene (6.78, P<0.05). The knowledge of student regarding menstrual hygiene was improved.

Genetics and genomics play a role in the causation of various human diseases. A large number of human reproductive disorders also arise as a result of genetic and genomic abnormalities. Reproductive disorders associated with predominantly genetics and genomic abnormalities are infertility, early pregnancy loss, congenital malformations, difference or disorder of sex development and reproductive cancers. The genetic etiology of human reproductive disorders is increasing with improved molecular biology techniques such as DNA microarray and next-generation sequencing. Infertility is one of the significant areas of reproductive disorders where genetics/genomics plays a substantial role and may result from chromosomal, copy number variation, Yq & pseudo autosomal region microdeletion/microduplication, gene mutation (monogenic, oligogenic, polygenic), multifactorial, epigenetic, mitochondrial, etc. abnormalities. All idiopathic infertile couples should be screened for genetic disorders before assisted reproduction to prevent transmission, if any, in offspring. Pregnancy wastage in early pregnancy is very high (about 70%) and is mainly related to chromosome number, copy number variation, and some monogenic or epigenetic abnormalities. Therefore, all early pregnancy loss cases should also be tested for genetic causes. Congenital malformations are structural defects in embryo, fetus, or newborns and affect about 3% (major malformations) of all births. The malformations could be due to the abnormalities of chromosomes, copy number variation, monogenic, oligogenic, multifactorial, or environmental. Array CGH &/or NGS should be used as the first step to screen congenital malformations. Differences/disorder of sex development is a developmental defect in which the determination and/or differentiation of chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic/anatomic sex is abnormal. It is a common disorder and is primarily related to genetic abnormalities. Therefore, a precise diagnosis, mainly through an array CGH and/or NGS, is crucial for the proper management to prevent future psychosexual problems and another birth with the disorder. Cancer is a genomic disorder characterized by genomic instability (due to a defect in DNA repair mechanism), uncontrolled replication (due to lack of response to inhibitory factors/loss of contact inhibition), neo-angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. All cancer cases should be investigated for genomic markers (both hereditary and somatic) for precise diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling. In this review, we will try to evaluate the role of genetics and genomics in the above-mentioned reproductive disorders, along with genetic & genomic techniques used and reproductive counseling in addition to our experiences.

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: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in various physiological and pathological events. Carnitine is a quaternary amine which plays a significant role in fatty acid oxidation and is reported to produce antiapoptotic effects. Aim of this work was to study the effect of L-Carnitine (LC) on TNF-α induced apoptosis in mice oocytes. : Oocytes were isolated from super ovulated Swiss Albino mice and treated with different concentrations of TNF-α (0.1ng/ml, 1ng/ml, 10ng/ml, 100ng/ml) and LC (0.1mg/ml, 0.3mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml). TUNEL Assay was done for the biochemical assessment of apoptosis.: Apoptotic indices with different doses of TNF-α (0.1ng/ml, 1ng/ml, 10ng/ml, 100 ng/ml) were 28.5%, 71.4%, 100%, 42.8% respectively. The concentration of TNF-α that produced the highest apoptotic index was 10ng/ml. LC alone in different doses (0.1mg/ml, 0.3mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml) did not elicit any apoptotic signal. Further LC was added in different doses with 10ng/ml TNF-α to study the rate of apoptosis in mice oocytes. Apoptotic index with 10 ng/ml TNF-α and different doses of LC (0.1mg/ml, 0.3mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1 mg/ml) were 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5% respectively. The concentration of LC that reduced the apoptotic index to the maximum was 0.1mg/ml.: Present study could demonstrate the anti-apoptotic effect of LC against apoptotic effects of TNF-α in mice oocytes. The study presents preliminary data suggesting a possible therapeutic role of LC in inflammatory etiologies such as ovarian failure.