Background: The tumors of the salivary glands are uncommon head and neck neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative frequencies, types, site distribution and the histopathological features of salivary gland tumors. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 176 cases of salivary gland tumors collected from medical record section and department of pathology at B.P.Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2010. Tumors were analyzed based on demographics, anatomic location and histopathological type. Results: Out of 176 cases, 66 (37.5 %) were benign and 110 (62.5 %) were malignant with M:F ratio of 1.7:1. The mean age observed was 44.76 years with age range of 12 to 75 years. Pleomorphic adenoma was found to be the commonest benign tumor (72.7 %), followed by Warthin tumor (15.1%), monomorphic adenoma (3.0 %) and basal cell adenoma (3.0 %). The mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor (38.1 %), followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (25.4%), acinic cell carcinoma (10.9%), adenocarcinoma NOS (6.3%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (5.4%) and unclassified malignant tumor (4.5 %). Parotid was the most common site for the location of tumors (70.4%) followed by submandibular (19.3%) and minor salivary glands (10.2 %). Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest salivary gland tumor observed in both sexes. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant salivary gland tumor. The parotid gland was the most common site of origin in both benign and malignant tumors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i7.10291 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2014) Vol. 4, 520-524

Background: Immunophenotyping of acute leukemia is one of the most important clinical applications of fl ow cytometry. The aim of this study was to determine the immunophenotyping profi le of acute leukemia, by means of a fl ow cytometric method, using monoclonal antibodies all marked with a fl uorochrome, in four colour systems to assess their distribution according to type of leukemia (lymphoid B or T / myeloid). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected data of immunophenotyping from 52 acute leukemia patients at the department of pathology in B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January 2010 to December 2011. Diagnosis was based on peripheral blood and bone marrow examination for morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotypic studies. Results: Out of total 52 cases of acute leukemia diagnosed by fl ow cytometry over a two year period, there were 31 cases (59.6 %) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 20 cases (38.4 %) of acute myelogenous leukemia and one case (1.9 %) of bi-phenotypic acute leukemia. Leukemia was diagnosed among adults in 44.2 % whereas among children with age less than or equal to 15 years in 55.7 %. Thirty eight (73%) were male and 14 (27 %) were female with a male: female ratio of 2.7:1. For acute myelogenous leukemia, it was found that M0 (5.0 %), M1 (20%), M2 (60%), M3 (15%), M4 (5.0 %) were detected. CD13 and CD33 were the most useful markers in the diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia. The most common subtype was AML-M2. Of the 31 cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 20 cases (64.5 %) were identifi ed as B-ALL and 11 cases (35.5%) as T-ALL. Aside from cytoplasmic CD3 (cCD3) and CD7 were the most sensitive antigens present in all cases of T-ALL. All cases of B-ALL showed expression of pan B-cell markers CD19 and CD22, but 15 (75 %) of 20 cases expressed CD10. Conclusion: Flow cytometric immunophenotyping was found to be especially useful in the correct identifi cation and diagnosis of acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia and its subtypes. In combination with French-American-British (FAB) morphology and immunophenotyping, we were able to diagnose and classify all patients with acute leukemia in this study. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 345-350 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7856

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors worldwide and the leading cause of death from genital malignancies in women. We evaluate the trends and patterns of cervical malignancies in our institution. Materials and Methods: All the tissue slides of cervical malignancies at the department of pathology at BP Koirala Memorial cancer hospital over a period of 3 years (2009-2011) were retrieved and evaluated. Clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Results: A total of 1955 cases were registered as gynecological malignancies, out of which cervical malignancy constitutes 1341 (68%) cases followed by ovarian malignancies 425 (22%) cases. Only 874 cases were included in this study due to inadequate data retrieval. The age range for cervical cancer was 24 to 92 years with a mean age of 42.5 years. Squamous cell carcinoma (92.56%) was the most common histological type of cervical cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma (4.1%). Conclusion: This study has shown a high incidence of carcinoma of cervix at BP Koirala memorial cancer Hospital. Routine cytological screening of the population for cervical cancers is highly necessary as early detection of premalignant lesions. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 386-389 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7863

Background: Renal tumours are 16th most common malignancies in the world accounting for 2.2% of all new malignancies and 1.8% of all cancer deaths. Histopathological classification of renal tumours along with tumour grade and stage is proven to have prognostic value. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Department of Pathology at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital Bharatpur from January 2017 to December 2019 including cases of partial and radical nephrectomies of patients more than sixteen years of age. Results: Total 78 nephrectomy specimens were received out of which 70 (89.7% consisted of malignant tumour and 8 (10.3%) were benign lesions. Clear cell type renal cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour consisting of 57 (81.4%) cases of renal cell carcinoma, followed by papillary type 9(12.9%), Cchromophobe (4.3%) and one case (1.3%) of multiloculated cystic renal neoplasm was noted. Renal cell carcinoma was seen in age range of 26 to 80 years with majority of patients more than 50 years of age, while a small peak (14.3%) was noted in female patients of 31 to 40 years of age. Conclusions: This study found increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma among female patients of 31 to 40 years of age in contrast to studies done in the Western population.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world. The disease burden is increasing at an alarming rate in developing Southeast Asian countries. This study aims to report the histopathological spectrum of oral cavity lesions at a tertiary cancer center in central Nepal. Methods: This study included all those cases of oral cavity lesions, of which diagnostic biopsy was done from January 2018 to December 2019. The data were retrieved from the Department of Pathology of BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital. The study proposal was approved by the Institutional Review Committee at BPKMCH (Ref: 247/2020) on 28th June 2020. Results: A total of 851 cases of oral cavity lesions were included in this study. The mean age of the study population was 55.9 years, with male to female ratio of 3:1. Malignant lesions composed of 472 (55.5%) cases followed by premalignant lesion of 104 (12%). More than 453 (95%) malignant cases were squamous cell carcinoma, of which 342 (75%) were a well-differentiated type. The buccal cavity is the most common site of malignant lesion 212 (45%), followed by tongue 96 (20%) and lower gingivobuccal region 86 (18%). Conclusions: Malignant lesions are the most common histopathological fi ndings in the oral cavity lesion with squamous cell carcinoma type. Oral cancer is common cancer that can be prevented and cured if detected early.

Cervical carcinoma is the most common cause of mortality due to cancer in Nepal. Carcinosarcoma is a very rare subtype of cervical cancer which is characterized by the presence of both epithelial and mesenchymal malignant component. It constitutes less than 1% of cervical carcinoma. Due to the low occurrence of the disease, most of the data on treatment and prognosis are based on case reports and series. Here, we report a case of 69 years, female with cervical cancer (FIGO IIA2). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of cervical biopsy initially showed primary adenosarcoma of the cervix. The tumor was non-responsive to primary treatment with concurrent chemoradiation. Later she was treated with abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The final histopathology of the resected specimen showed a sarcomatous component along with carcinomatous changes in the endocervical glands favouring the diagnosis of carcinosarcoma of the cervix.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world. This study was conducted with the aim to find out different histological types of ovarian tumours reported at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH), Chitwan, Nepal. Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out at the Department of Pathology of BPKMCH from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. This study included the patients who were operated at BPKMCH or referred cases from elsewhere, but the specimen was processed and reported at BPKMCH. All the data were retrieved and analyzed from the records of Pathology Department. Results: Altogether 87 cases of ovarian tumours were reported during the study period. Out of which, 31 cases were benign ovarian tumours whereas 56 cases were malignant ovarian tumours. Both benign and malignant ovarian tumours were most common in age group 41 to 50 years of age. Among benign ovarian tumours, 12 cases were serous cystadenoma, 7 cases mucinous cystadenoma, 6 cases mature cystic teratoma, 2 cases serous cyst adenofibroma, 2 cases benign Brenner tumour and 2 endometroid cystadenoma. Among malignant ovarian tumours, 33 cases were serous cystadenocarcinoma, 11 cases mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, 2 cases immature teratoma, 3 cases were malignant sex cord stromal tumours (granulosa cell tumour), 2 cases dysgerminoma, 1 case yolk sac tumour, 1 case endometroid carcinoma and 3 cases were metastatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: Surface epithelial tumours were most common ovarian tumours in this study. Serous cystadenomas were most common benign ovarian tumours whereas serous cystadenocarcinomas were the most common malignant ovarian tumours.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and also the leading cause of cancer related mortality in women worldwide which impact 2.1 million women each year. Breast cancer rates are increasing in nearly every region globally. Methods: This was retrospective study at Department of Pathology in B P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital effective from 15 April 2018 to 14 April 2019. All the data were retrieved and analyzed. Results: Total 205 breast cancer cases were analyzed, among them 198 cases were females accounting 96.5 %and 7 cases were males accounting 3.5 %.Among 205 cases, 181 (88.6%) cases were invasive ductal Carcinoma No Special Type. Majority of cases 111(54%) were diagnosed with Nottingham grading system grade II of breast cancer. According to our study breast cancer was most common in the age group 41-50 years (32.2%). Conclusion: Breast cancer is more common in females than in males. Most common affected age group was 41-50 years. Most common histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma NST. Similarly, left sided breast cancer was more common than right.