Background: Exosomes are endogenous nanovesicles that cooperate key roles in intercellular signaling by bearing functional genetic information and proteins between cells. Exosomes speedily cross the blood-brain barrier and have indicated as therapeutic approach vehicles that have the potential to specifically deliver molecules to the central nervous system (CNS). Aspartame (ASP) is applied in many products. ASP has been interconnected to cause neurological and behavioral changes such as headache, insomnia, and seizures. Aim: Aim of this study was to determine the potential role of exosomes on cerebellar changes caused by aspartame (ASP). Materials and Methods: Thirty five adult male albin0 rats were divided into three gr0ups. The first group served as the c0ntrol group. In the second group, the rats were given ASP orally at a d0se of 250 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. In the third group, the rats were given ASP as group II plus exosomes in a d0se of 100 mg/kg intravenously/twice per week. At the end of the 6th week of the experiment cerebellar specimens were appr0priated for histological and immuno-histochemical studies. Results: In the ASP-treated group, dis0rganization of the three layers of the cerebellar c0rtex was observed. Spaces were seen between the cells. Small pykn0tic nuclei of Purkinje cells and deformed cells were also detected . Furthermore, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) of GFAP, COX-2 and caspase-3 immune expression compared with control group. Ex0somes in conjunction with ASP resulted in impr0vement in the organization of cellular layers of the cerebellar c0rtex with a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.01) of GFAP, COX-2 and caspase-3 immune expressi0n compared with group II. Conclusion: Exosomes ameli0rates the neuropathol0gical changes caused by aspartame on the structure of the cerebellar cortex of albin0 rats.
Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is highly effective antineoplastic agent, but it has side effects including cardiotoxicity.Moringa oleifera and vitamin E are potent antioxidants that prevent cardiotoxicity. Objective: evaluate the possible protective role of moringa oleifera and vitamin E on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five adult male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group I (control group). Group II (affected group): rats were injected intraperitoneally with a cumulative dose of 15 mg/ kg of DOX for three weeks. Group III (moringa group): given in a dose of (500 mg/ kg/ day) by gastric tube orally for four weeks. Group IV (vitamin E group): given in a dose of (100 mg/ kg/ day) by gastric tube orally for four weeks. Group V (moringa and vitamin E).Heart specimens were taken and prepared for histological, immunohistochemical and EM examination. Results: Group II showed disorganized, widely separated muscle fibers, cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknosis of many cardiomyocyte nuclei, the mitochondria appeared distorted, extravasation of RBCs and inflammatory infiltrations. There was significant increase (P <0.01) in collagen fibers deposition and iNOS immunostaining compared with control group. Groups III and IV showed improvement of some histological microscopic changes, significant decrease (P <0.01) in collagen fibers deposition and iNOS immunostaining compared with group II. While group V showed histological architecture near to control group. Conclusion: each of moringa olifera and vitamin E can ameliorate induced cardiotoxicity, but their co-administration can give better results.
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is an important instigate of persistent kidney ailment problem and irrevocably renal catastrophe. Vitamin D (VD) insufficiency is documented as a worldwide health delinquent and lately pondered as a conscientious factor in the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). Aim: This research paper was premeditated to explore the probable upshot of low and high doses of vitamin D on a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were segregated into four groups: Group I (control group). Group II (the diabetic nephropathy group): given streptozotocin intraperitoneal. Group III (the low dose VD group): rats were given streptozotocin then vitamin D orally as 8000 IU/kg/day. Group IV (the high dose VD group): rats were given streptozotocin then vitamin D orally as 20,000 IU/kg/day. After complete12 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, rats were sacrificed. Kidney specimens were handled and assayed by histological and Immunohistochemical procedures. Results: The diabetic nephr0pathy group revealed distortion of glomeruli, tubular distortion. mononuclear permeation and epithelial desquamation. Congested dilated glomeruli, peritubular blood vessels and interstitial outpouring of blood were also noticed. EM examination of proximal and distal c0nv0luted tubules exhibited multiple vacuoles. thickening of basement membrane and destructed mitochondria were also seen. Group III showed improvement of these changes and Group IV showed amelioration of most of these changes. Conclusion: High dose of vitamin D ameliorates experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy.
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