Little is known about professional burnout among health-care workers in Egypt. The current study aimed to reveal the extent of burnout among physicians and nursing staff working in the emergency hospital of Tanta University and to identify some of its determinants. A cross-sectional study was carried out on all physicians (n = 266) and a systematic random sample of nurses (n = 284). Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and its subscales. Most of the participants (66.0%)had a moderate level of burnout and 24.9% of them had high burnout. Multivariate analysis of variables affecting burnout showed that age, sex, frequency of exposure to work-related violence, years of experience, work burden, supervision and work activities were significant predictors of burnout among the respondents. The authors recommend health education interventions during pre-employment training programmes for prevention of burnout syndrome and periodic screening for early detection and management of burnout. Une analyse multivariée des variables ayant un impact sur l'épuisement professionnel a démontré que l'âge, le sexe, la fréquence des expositions à la violence liée au travail, les années d'expérience, la charge de travail, la supervision et les activités professionnelles étaient des facteurs prédictifs importants de l'épuisement professionnel chez les répondants. Les auteurs recommandent des interventions en matière d'éducation sanitaire au cours de programmes de formation avant l'entrée dans la vie active pour prévenir le syndrome d'épuisement professionnel, puis un dépistage systématique visant la détection précoce et la prise en charge de ce syndrome. ‫مرص‬ ‫طنطا،‬ ‫بجامعة‬‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫العرشون‬ ‫و‬ ‫احلادي‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫عرش‬ ‫الثاين‬ ‫العدد‬ 907

Ergonomics is the scientific study of people and their working environment. Dentistry is a profession that generally produces various musculoskeletal disorders. If ergonomic principles are applied in the field of dentistry, it helps to prevent occupational ergonomic health hazards and provides more comfort to the dentist and patient. To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice of ergonomics during routine dental procedures among undergraduates of Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students of Tanta University during the year 2015-2016 using a predesigned selfadministered questionnaire. Knowledge, attitude, and practice were assessed by 16, 5, and 6 questions, respectively. The study included 479 dental students, of them, 291 (60.8%) were females, 359 (74.9%) were from urban areas, and 359 students (74.9%) were 22 years old and below. Only one quarter of the students had good knowledge whereas nearly half of the students (48.9%) had fair knowledge concerning ergonomics. Out of the participants, 84.8% had positive attitudes and 95.4% had poor practice of ergonomics. Only 48.9% of the studied students had fair knowledge regarding ergonomics; also 5% only of students practice it. But about 84.8% of students have a positive attitude towards studying ergonomics. Dental students need to ensure involving ergonomics in the routine dental practice. This may be achieved via addition of ergonomics in their curriculum.

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Hospital workers are exposed to many occupational hazards that may threaten their health and safety. Physical hazards encountered in hospital working environment include temperature, illumination, noise, electrical injuries, and radiation. To assess the awareness of healthcare workers (HCWs) about physical hazards in Tanta university hospitals, this cross-sectional study included 401 HCWs (physicians, nurses, technicians, and workers) from seven departments (general surgery, orthopedics, radiology, ophthalmology, kitchen, incinerator, and laundry). Data were collected through interview questionnaire to assess six types of physical hazards (noise, electric hazards, temperature, radiation, fire, and lighting,). Most of the physicians (63.7%) were aware of the level of noise. All physicians, nurses, technicians, and majority of workers reported that hearing protective devices were not available, and all HCWs reported that periodic hearing examination was not performed. Most of the nurses (75.2%) and workers (68.5%) did not attended emergency training, and more than two thirds of all HCWs were not briefed about emergency evacuation. Most HCWs were not given appropriate radiation safety training before starting work (88% of workers, 73.7% of nurses, 65.7% of physicians, and 68.3% of technicians). The majority of physicians, nurses, and technicians (70.5, 65.4, and 53.7%) denied regular environmental monitoring for radiation level inside work place. Health education programs on health and safety issues regarding physical hazards should be mandatory to all healthcare workers to improve their awareness and protect them from undue exposures they may face due to lack of adequate awareness and knowledge. There is urgent need of expanding the occupational healthcare services in Egypt to cover all the employees as indicated by the international recommendations and the Egyptian Constitution, legislation, and community necessity.

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Background: Egypt has a shortage of physicians despite thousands of medical students graduating annually. Aims: This study aimed to explore the reasons for Egyptian medical students and young physicians wanting to emigrate. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted from February to April 2019, included 711 fifth- and sixth-year medical students and 174 residents from two medical faculties in Egypt, Tanta and Kafrelshiekh. A questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic factors, desire to emigrate and motives for wanting to emigrate. Results: Most participant (89.4%) wanted to emigrate, and thought their salary was not compatible with their working hours or risks. About half the participants (52.8%) worked part-time in private hospitals. Only 4.9% of participants felt appreciated by the country. Most participants (75.9%) were not satisfied with their relationship with patients and 40.2% were not satisfied with their relationship with colleagues. Verbal abuse was reported by 55.5% of participants and physical assaults by 35.4%. Most participants who wanted to emigrate (85.1%) said they would change their minds if improvements were made in the health sector. Residents generally had less negative attitudes to workplace and professional factors than students. Conclusion: Physicians emigrate to seek better work and financial incentives. A retention policy needs to be developed to prevent Egyptian physicians from emigrating

Introduction: Workplace violence (WPV) among the healthcare workers is an alarming phenomenon worldwide. Personnel at Emergency departments are particularly at risk and are more exposed to violence in their workplace from patients and their relatives or friends compared with other departments. Aim of work: To identify the prevalence of workplace violence at Tanta University Emergency Hospital and its impact on affected workers. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Tanta University Emergency Hospital during the period from September 2017 to April 2018. The total sample size was 340 physicians and nurses. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: Physical violence was reported by 30.6% while verbal violence by 76.5% and 16 participants reported sexual violence (4.7%). Exposure to more than one type of violence was declared by 28.8%. The main perpetrators were patients' relatives (85.6%) while 50% of sexual violence was by unknown visitors to the hospital. Nearly one quarter of victims of physical and sexual violence need vacation after the assault while only 6.9% of victims of verbal violence asked for vacation. Psychological, work and physical troubles were reported by victims. Conclusion: verbal violence came first followed by physical and sexual violence. The victims suffered from psychological, work related and physical effects.