to enhance the mass transport on the surface of the electrodes and to increase their current response, [5] not requiring external pumps for transporting fluids and offering higher sensitivity and selectivity than other paper-based analytical devices that rely on colorimetric detection. [6] Although the characteristics of PEDs make them especially suited for point-ofcare testing (POCT), these devices-with the exception of blood glucose metersrequire skilled personnel, electric power, and expensive equipment to provide accurate quantitative results. The fabrication of PEDs, which can be used in remote settings, independently of infrastructure constraints, and with the capability to facilitate telemedicine applications to send accurate POCT results to welltrained people who can help providing an optimal treatment would be desirable to promote preventive diagnostics in the field, especially in resource poor areas. Here, we propose to benefit from the latest developments in paper-based electronics and microfluidics to fabricate low-cost, sensitive, and disposable electrochemical analytical devices that can be directly powered by the user, thanks to the integration of a paper-based triboelectric generator (TEG), and be used as a portable alternative for point-of-care diagnostics.Electrochemistry has consistently provided simple and portable techniques to analyze small molecules in complex biological environments with a high degree of specificity and selectivity at a moderate cost. [7] The trend to decrease the cost of electrochemical assays has led to the exploration of low-cost substrates, such as cellulose-based paper and thread, [8][9][10] and novel-printed electrodes and conductive patterns to contribute to low-cost diagnostics. [11,12] Dungchai et al. provided the first quantification of glucose, lactate, and uric acid in serum using chronoamperometry measurements performed by conductive electrodes printed on a paper-based microfluidic channel. [13] Many other PEDs have been developed for the quantification of antibodies, [14] proteins, [1] DNA, [3] ascorbic acid, [15] and metal ions (such as Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ …), [4,16] proving that PEDs can provide an inexpensive, versatile, and easy to dispose platform for POCT. In spite of their numerous advantages, PEDs remain relatively underexploited in in-field applications due to the tendency of paper to absorb water from the environment, compromising the performance of the printed electrodes. [7] Other challenges relate to the need of This work describes the fabrication of self-powered, paper-based electrochemical devices (SPEDs) designed for sensitive diagnostics in low-resource settings and at the point of care. SPEDs are inexpensive, lightweight, mechanically flexible, easy to use, and disposable by burning. The top layer of the SPED is fabricated using cellulose paper with patterned hydrophobic domains that delineate hydrophilic, wicking-based microfluidic channels for accurate colorimetric assays, and self-pipetting test zones for electrochemical detection. The ...
We propose a new quantum-safe digital signature algorithm called Multivariate Polynomial Public Key Digital Signature (MPPK/DS). The core of the algorithm is based on the modular arithmetic property that for a given element g, greater than equal to two, in a prime Galois field GF(p) and two multivariate polynomials P and Q, if P is equal to Q modulo p-1, then g to the power of P is equal to g to the power of Q modulo p. MPPK/DS is designed to withstand the key-only, chosen-message, and known-message attacks. Most importantly, making secret the element g disfavors quantum computers’ capability to solve the discrete logarithm problem. The security of the MPPK/DS algorithm stems from choosing a prime p associated with the field GF(p), such that p is a sum of a product of an odd prime number q multiplied with a power x of two and one. Given such a choice of a prime, choosing even coefficients of the publicly available polynomials makes it hard to find any private information modulo p-1. Moreover, it makes it exponentially hard to lift the solutions found modulo q to the ring of integers modulo p-1 by properly arranging x and q. However, finding private information modulo the components q and power x of two is an NP-hard problem since it involves solving multivariate equations over the chosen finite field. The time complexity of searching a private key from a public key or signatures is exponential over GF(p). The time complexity of perpetrating a spoofing attack is also exponential for a field GF(p). MPPK/DS can achieve all three NIST security levels with optimized choices of multivariate polynomials and the generalized safe prime p.
Quantum permutation pad or QPP is a quantum-safe symmetric cryptographic algorithm proposed by Kuang and Bettenburg in 2020. The theoretical foundation of QPP leverages the linear algebraic representations of quantum gates which makes QPP realizable in both, quantum and classical systems. By applying the QPP with 64 of 8-bit permutation gates, holding respective entropy of over 100,000 bits, we accomplished quantum random number distributions digitally over today’s classical internet. The QPP has also been used to create pseudo quantum random numbers and served as a foundation for quantum-safe lightweight block and streaming ciphers. This paper continues to explore numerous applications of QPP, namely, we present an implementation of QPP as a quantum encryption circuit on today’s still noisy quantum computers. With the publicly available 5-qubit IBMQ devices, we demonstrate quantum secure encryption (256 bits of entropy) using 2-qubit QPP with 56 permutation gates, and 3-qubit QPP with 17 permutation gates respectively. Initial qubits of the encryption circuit correspond to the plaintext and after applying quantum encryption operations, cipher qubits are measured with probabilistic distributions, and the results with the highest probability are recorded as cipher bits. The cipher bits are then decrypted with an inverse QPP circuit. The output state plaintext qubits are measured and the most frequent count measurement results are recorded as plaintext bits. This quantum encryption and decryption process clearly demonstrates that QPP quantum implementations works exactly as symmetric encryption and decryption schemes should. The plaintext and ciphertext bits can also be encrypted and decrypted respectively by any classical computing device with the corresponding QPP algorithm as in quantum computers. This work reveals that it is possible to build quantum-secure communications between quantum-to-quantum and quantum-to-classical computers over today’s internet and the future quantum internet.
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