This study examined the antecedents of brand equity such as, brand awareness, perceived quality and the mediating role of a brand Image on brand loyalty. Total number of (n = 150) questionnaires were distributed among the consumers living in four cities (Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, and Sargodha) of Pakistan. Out of the total questionnaires only (n = 130, 86.6%) completed questionnaires were received. Pearson correlation, linear regression and multiple regression tests were used to test the data and infer the results. Results show a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Additionally, mediation has been found between brand awareness, perceived quality and brand loyalty due to brand image. It means that brand awareness and perceived quality develop the brand image which ultimately yields brand loyalty. Thus loyalty programs of beverage companies should focus on brand awareness and consumers' perception of quality. Overall, these results show that the influence on brand loyalty varies across various variables of the study. The results contribute significantly to the brand equity topic.
Cultural tourism is a rapidly growing industry across the globe. This study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge of tourist experiences at cultural destinations. To this end, the study explores the factors that contribute to memorable cultural tourism experiences at cultural heritage sites, specifically museums. Using WebHarvy, a total of 502 online reviews were collected from a popular tourism website, namely TripAdvisor. The collected reviews concern 14 heritage museums in 10 Asian countries. Netnography was employed as a content analysis technique. The results revealed five contributing factors of memorable cultural tourism experiences: authenticity, engagement, culinary attraction, atmospherics, and quality of service. Theoretically, this study adds to our understanding of memorable cultural tourism experiences by identifying a novel dimension, namely atmospherics. In other words, this research highlights the importance of ambiance and environment in tourism experiences at cultural heritage sites. Thus, the study provides insights for heritage site managers on how to make the tourism experience memorable.
Objective: To ascertain the effect of duration of hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Design: It was a cross sectional observational study. Study Settings: Department of Cardiology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore over a period of 6 months from January 2021 to June 2021. Material and Methods: This study was conducted, between February and September 2021, by recruiting 200 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Blood samples were taken for investigation. Body surface area was calculated using Du Bois Formula. To calculate LVM, Echocardiography (Echo) was done by using 2D M-mode in the standard manner. At the end of data collection, data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.21. Single and multiple linear regression analysis were used to calculate impact of duration and other confounding variable on LVM. Results: The mean age of the participants was 46.77±13.263. About 58.5% (117) were males and 41.5% (83) were females. Prevalence of LVH was 171(85.5%). The mean LVM for males and females was 248.44±26.67g and 182.88±22.43g respectively. Most of the participants (47.0%) were receiving HD for 25-36 months followed by 26.0%, 15.0%, 12.0% for 13-24 months, 3-12 months,37-48 months respectively. LVH was found to be strongly positively correlated with duration of dialysis. Increasing duration of HD was associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting LVH. Conclusion: The study concluded that there exist significantly strong relationship between increased duration of hemodialysis in CKD patients with frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy. So, in future practice it is recommended to focus on CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis with regard to duration of hemodialysis and expected frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy and its timely management. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Left ventricular hypertrophy, Left ventricular mass index, Haemodialysis.
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