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Dolutegravir (DTG) is an antiretroviral drug approved in the year 2013, and being categorized as a BCS-II molecule, it possesses solubility issues. In order to enhance the solubility and improve its bioavailability, DTG-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized utilizing spray drying technology. The developed nanoformulation was characterized for its physicochemical properties and investigated for the feasibility of its administration through an oral route along with milk/food as an admixture for paediatric antiretroviral therapy. The in vivo oral bioavailability studies were conducted in Balb-C mice, where the animals were treated with the selected formulation of DTG-loaded Chitosan NPs and compared to pure DTG. The NPs exhibited 2.5-fold increase in the Cmax (77.54 ± 7.93 μg/mL) when compared to the pure DTG (30.15 ± 8.06 μg/mL). This phenomenon was further reflected by the improved bioavailability of DTG (AUC: 678.3 ± 10.07 μg/h/mL) in the NPs administered to mice when compared to the AUC of animals administered with pure DTG (405.29 ± 7 μg/h/mL). Altogether, the research findings showed that Chitosan-based NPs were ideal carriers for oral administration of DTG along with milk and exhibited great potential to enhance the bioavailability of the drug and treatment adherence for paediatric HIV patients.

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The newer methodology to improve the performance of cutting tool is by the constructive method of micro-texturing and green synthesized nanoparticles into the texture gaps for self-lubrication. Cross-chevron textures were made on the rake face of the cemented carbide tool using Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garne (Nd-YAG) laser texturing machine. The environmentally friendly, non-hazardous and rapid method of producing nanoparticles was followed to produce Al2O3 nanoparticles. Various techniques used for characterizing the synthesized Al2O3 nanoparticles are Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis (FTIR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The XRD shows the presence of required functional groups and the size of nanoparticles in the range of 500–550 nm. This article discusses the effect of textures, with and without nanoparticles filled on the texture gaps of the cemented carbide tool on the main cutting force, thrust force and co-efficient of friction while machining austenitic stainless steel 304. The combined effect of surface texturing and lubrication of Al2O3 nanoparticles enhanced the performance of the cutting tool compared with the conventional and textured tool.

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