Dental implants are fixtures that serve as replacements for the root of the missing natural tooth and in the current day dental practice. Success or failure of the dental implant treatment is mainly based on the principles of osseointegration, which is the direct and stable anchorage of an implant due to the formation of bony tissue around the implant. A number of systemic and local factors influence the production of an osseointegrated interface and therefore the stability of the implant. Present article covers various methods used for surface treatment of titanium and titanium alloy implants. They are mechanical method such asMachining,Grinding,Polishing and Grit blasting. Chemical treatment include Acid treatment,Hydrogen peroxide treatment,Alkali treatment.Sol-gel coatings include TiO2 coating,Calcium phosphate coatings, Titania/hydroxyapatite composite coatings and Silica coating.Electrochemical treatments includes Thermal spraying,Plasma spraying.Ion implantation and deposition include Oxygen implantation, Nitrogen implantation,Carbon implantation and deposition, Metal ion implantation. Surface modification methods used to improve the mechanical, chemical and biological properties of titanium and its alloys for biomedical application.
Aim:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the fracture strength of provisional fixed partial dentures made of autopolymerizing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin using different types of reinforcement materials to determine the best among them.Materials and Methods:Fifty samples were made (10 samples for each group) with autopolymerizing PMMA resin using reinforcement materials (stainless steel wire: looped and unlooped and glass fiber: loose and unidirectional) as 3-unit posterior bridge. The test specimens were divided into five groups depending on the reinforcing material as Group I, II, III, IV, and V; Group I: PMMA unreinforced (control group), Group II: PMMA reinforced with stainless steel wire (straight ends), Group III: PMMA reinforced with stainless steel wire (looped ends), Group IV: PMMA reinforced with unidirectional glass fibers, and Group V: PMMA reinforced with randomly distributed glass fibers. Universal testing machine was used to evaluate and compare the fracture strength of samples. Comparison of mean ultimate force and ultimate stress was done employing one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests.Results:The highest and lowest mean ultimate force and mean ultimate stress were of Group IV and I, respectively. Tukey's post hoc honestly significant difference multiple comparison for mean ultimate force and stress shows the increase in strength to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) except for the samples reinforced with randomly distributed glass fibers (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Unidirectional glass fibers showed the maximum strength, which was comparable to mean values of both stainless steel wire groups. Low cost and easy technique of using stainless steel wire make it the material of choice over the unidirectional glass fiber for reinforcement in nonesthetic areas where high strength is required.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide and zirconia nanoparticles on transverse strength of heat cure PMMA resin routinely used for complete denture fabrication. Methods: One hundred samples of PMMA resin were made and divided into five groups (20 samples for each group). The test specimens were divided into five groups depending on the concentration of reinforcing nanoparticles as Group 1,2,3,4 and 5; Group 1: PMMA unreinforced (control group), Group 2: PMMA reinforced with 2.5% nanozirconia, Group 3: PMMA reinforced with 5% nanozirconia, Group 4: PMMA reinforced with 2.5% titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and Group 5: PMMA reinforced with 5% titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Universal testing machine was used to conduct a three-point bending test and evaluate the transverse strength of samples. Comparison of mean transverse strength for various groups was carried out by employing one‑way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results: The highest and lowest mean transverse strength were observed in Group 3 and 1, respectively. Bonferroni post hoc test showed increase in transverse strength after reinforcement to be statistically significant between all the groups (P = .05) except between the samples of group G1 and G5 and G2 and G3. Conclusion: Addition of nanoparticles in all concentrations significantly increased transverse strength of heat cure PMMA resin as compared to control group. The best result was obtained after adding 5% of nanozirconia particles to the conventional heat polymerized acrylic resin.
Introduction: Passive fit is one of the major concerns in implant dentistry as it contributes to the long-term success of the implant treatment. Accurate implant impressions are important for the achievement of passive fit of an implant prosthesis. There is inconclusive evidence on the techniques and types of materials used for making multi-unit implant impressions .In the present article the various parameters affecting the accuracy of implant impression along with impression material and technique are reviewed. Objective: To evaluate the scientific data related to different aspects of multi-unit implant impression accuracy and draw useful conclusions from the review for application in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Studies from 1990 to 2017 were evaluated. Papers examining implant impression accuracy for two or more implants were selected for review. Case reports, technique articles, and incomplete studies were excluded. Fifty-nine studies were selected for evaluation, three among them clinical and the rest in vitro. Results: Fifteen studies compared polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) and polyether (PE) 11 found no differences between the two materials in terms of impression accuracy. Thirty studies analyzed the splint effect 13 found splinting better and 13 others elicited no differences between splinting and non-splinting. Among the 25 studies examining pickup and transfer impression techniques, 12 favored pickup over transfer and 11 found no differences between the two. Twelve studies assessed effects of various angles of implants and found significant differences in accuracy for 20 to 25degree angle and no differences for 5 to 15-degree angle for most studies, except two. Conclusion: PVS and PE were the preferred impression materials for multi-unit implant impressions. The evidence on splinting was inconclusive and the data supporting splint to non-splint were neutral. Pickup was the better performing technique than transfer, especially with increased number of implants. Implant angle of 20 to 25 degrees negatively affected the multi-unit implant impression accuracy.
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