Summary Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed to improve the global treatment of viral infections. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are involved in various biological and cellular functions including differentiation, development, proliferation, oncogenesis, innate immunity, and viral autophagy. Various TRIM proteins show antiviral properties against different viral infections and are now transitioning from ubiquitin proteins to an efficient and emerging therapeutic class of proteins. TRIM proteins combat viruses by targeting them at pre/post transcription levels. This review summarizes the comprehensive roles of different TRIM proteins along with their expression systems and their applications towards antiviral therapeutics.
Introduction: Interns are often unprepared to effectively communicate in the acute trauma setting. Despite the many strengths of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program, the main shortcoming within the course is the deficiency of teamwork and leadership training. In this study, we describe the creation of an interdisciplinary boot camp in which interns' basic trauma knowledge, level of confidence, and teamwork skills are assessed.Methods: We designed a one-day, boot camp curriculum for interns of various specialties with the purpose of improving communication and teamwork skills for effective management of acute trauma patients. Our curriculum consisted of a one-day, twelve-hour experience, which included trauma patient simulations, content expert lectures, group discussion of video demonstrations, and skill development workstations. Baseline and acquired knowledge were assessed through the use of confidence surveys, cognitive questionnaires, and a validated evaluation tool of teamwork and leadership skills for traumaResults: Fifteen interns entered the boot camp with an overall confidence score of 3.2 (1-5 scale) in the management of trauma cases. At the culmination of the study, there was a significant increase in the overall confidence level of interns in role delegation, leadership, Crisis Resource Management (CRM) principles, and in the performance of primary and secondary surveys. No significant changes were seen in determining and effectively using the Glasgow Coma Scale, Orthopedic splinting/reduction skills, and effective use of closed-loop communication.Conclusion: An intensive one-day trauma boot camp demonstrated significant improvement in self-reported confidence of CRM concepts, role delegation, leadership, and performance of primary and secondary surveys. Despite the intensive curriculum, there was no significant improvement in overall teamwork and leadership performance during simulated cases. Our boot camp curriculum offers educators a unique framework to which they can apply to their own training program as a foundation for effective leadership and teamwork training for interns.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most prevalent pathogens which causes significant morbidity and mortality in 2% of the world’s population. Several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are involved in HCV clearance by interacting with the viral proteins. Among these ISGs, the tripartite motif (TRIM) family genes are elevated during HCV infection. This study aims to evaluate the expression of three TRIM family genes in chronic hepatitis C patients, distributed among different groups, including TRIM11, TRIM14, and TRIM25. A total of 242 participants were recruited in this study, including 182 infected patients, 37 naïve individuals, and 23 control individuals. Out of 182 infected patients, 100 achieved sustained virologic response (SVR), 61 achieved rapid virologic response (RVR), and 21 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), showing no response to the given treatments. Our results indicate highest expression levels of TRIM mRNA transcripts in the RVR group with the highest increase of 7.5 folds in TRIM25, 6.68 folds in TRIM14, followed by the data from patients of the SVR group. The elevation was also evident in other groups, i.e., SVR and HCC, in different patterns among all the three TRIM genes. In addition to elevation in expression levels, a linear correlation is observed between the TRIM mRNAs and viral loads of HCV. These results showed the potential role of TRIM family genes in HCV restriction.
Krüpple-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors with zinc finger DNA binding domains known to play important roles in brain development and central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. There is little information on KLFs expression in adult vertebrate CNS. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to examine Klf7 mRNA (klf7) and Klf6a mRNA (klf6a) expression in adult zebrafish CNS. Both klfs exhibit wide and similar expression in the zebrafish CNS. Brain areas containing strongly labeled cells include the ventricular regions of the dorsomedial telencephalon, the ventromedial telencephalon, periventricular regions of the thalamus and hypothalamus, torus longitudinalis, stratum periventriculare of the optic tectum, granular regions of the cerebellar body and valvula, and superficial layers of the facial and vagal lobes. In the spinal cord, klf7- and klf6a-expressing cells are found in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Numerous sensory structures (e.g. auditory, lateral line, olfactory and visual) and several motor nuclei (e.g. oculomotor, trigeminal, and vagal motor nuclei) contain klf7- and/or klf6a-expressing cells. Our results may provide useful information for determining these Klfs in maintenance and/or function in adult CNS.
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