Summary Novel therapeutic options are urgently needed to improve the global treatment of viral infections. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are involved in various biological and cellular functions including differentiation, development, proliferation, oncogenesis, innate immunity, and viral autophagy. Various TRIM proteins show antiviral properties against different viral infections and are now transitioning from ubiquitin proteins to an efficient and emerging therapeutic class of proteins. TRIM proteins combat viruses by targeting them at pre/post transcription levels. This review summarizes the comprehensive roles of different TRIM proteins along with their expression systems and their applications towards antiviral therapeutics.

With the expansion of e-commerce, E-Service Quality is becoming increasingly important. The study aims to investigate the relationship between e-service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction in B2C online shopping in Pakistan emphasizing the customer’s perspective. A total of five dimensions of e-service quality have been tested with endogenous variable i.e. customer satisfaction. Using a quantitative research strategy, data from 225 participants was collected using online questionnaires where 88% of the respondents already had the experience of online shopping that made a valid sample of 199. Smart PLS was used to conduct the data analysis. Following reliability and validity analysis, out of all five dimensions, reliability showed the strongest path coefficient of 0.323. Results also show that all the five hypotheses were supported except for responsiveness. As far as implications of the study are concerned, online shopping stores should devote valuable resource to enhance the significant e-service quality attributes that are emphasized by this study. Moreover, E-Services are becoming increasingly important in B2C e-commerce for improving customer relations and increasing sales and developing countries are of no exception to it. Lastly, as the study is conducted in Pakistani context, generalizability to other countries particularly outside South Asia may be limited due to difference in customers’ shopping behaviours and attitudes.

Masculinity is the dominant gender discourse of masculine behaviour embedded in men’s everyday practices, behaviours, and actions. Since at least the 1980s, these gendered social norms have been argued to create stress, strain, and conflicts for men. Investigating those experiences and circumstances where gender patterns are less or more open to change is an important task of this research. Therefore, this study aims to include men in the “study up” approach of the gender research domain and include their experiences in the conversation of gendered lobbying under patriarchal perceptions. Using the Gender Role Strain paradigm as a guiding framework, the study intends to explore the male perspective on the construction of masculinity in contemporary Pakistani society. A qualitative phenomenological research design has been used, and snowball and purposive sampling techniques are used in conjunction for the recruitment of participants with the help of pre-defined inclusion criteria. The participants of the study are diverse in terms of age, educational background, and family situation. Each participant was interviewed at length using an in-depth interview guide, including topics from the beginning of childhood across the lifespan. The result of the interviews supports the social constructionist perspective of masculinity and also focuses on the strain and challenges of the masculine norms associated with the existing conceptions of masculinity and gender role strain.