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This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% of buffered rumen fluid) of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation kinetics of sunflower seed meal (SFM), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor obtained from three cannulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36h. Results indicated that, addition of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel resulted in increase in gas production volume in all of incubation times (p < 0.0001). Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) for pomegranate peel extract supplemented sunflower seed meal were higher (p < 0.05) than that of control meal. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase estimated short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production as well as digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) content of SFM. Production of SCFA as well as DOM, ME and NEL content of SFM increased (p < 0.05) by enhancing the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it can be suggest that, supplementing acetonic extract of pomegranate peel may be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and better nutritive value of SFM in ruminants.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and estimating nutritive value of soybean meal, sunflower meal, rapeseed meal and cotton-seed meal using in vitro gas production technique. The experimental samples (200 mg DM from each) were incubated in vitro with rumen liquor taken from three canulated rams at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h in three replicates. The results showed that there are significant differences between gas production values of samples at all incubation times (p<0.0001). Sunflower meal and soybean meal had the lowest and the highest gas production at 24 h incubation, respectively. There were significant differences in metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) of samples (p<0.0001). The sunflower meal has the lowest and soybean meal has the highest ME, NEL, OMD and SCFA compared with those of the others (8.69 MJ/kg DM, 5.48 MJ/kg DM, 55.14%, 0.60 mmol for sunflower meal and 12.98 MJ/kg DM, 9.03 MJ/kg DM, 85.03%, 1.13 mmol for soybean meal). In conclusion, it can be said that comparative nutritive value of Iranian oil seed meals which are tested in current study as below: soybean meal> rapeseed meal> cotton-seed meal> sunflower seed meal.

Direct and interactive effect (individual and maternal heterosis) was estimated using data from rotational crosses between Holsteins with Iranian native breeds. Traits of interest were milk yield, fat yield, fat percent and milk days. Complete data were available on 155 240 animals from 1991 through 2003. Direct additive's effect, individual heterosis, maternal heterosis and recombination (interactions between presences of Holstein gene in two parents) effects were estimated by multiple regression method in SAS 8.2 with mixed models procedure. The least squares means of milk yield, fat yield, fat percent and milk days were 2 722.68±1 541.12 kg, 122.97±47.40 kg, 3.97±0.73 percent and 260.10±89.51 days respectively. All direct and indirect genetic effects are significant in milk and milk days traits (P<0.05). Individual and maternal heterosis and recombination effect are not significant on fat yield and fat percent traits. The individual and recombination effect were negative effect on milk yield. The result suggested that the Holstein is a favourable breed for crossbreeding program in developing country as Iran.

The aims of this study were to determine the chemical composition of canola meal and estimation of the effects of two doses (0 and 0.15 ml / 200 mg canola meal samples) of Thymus vulgar extract on canola meal degradability by in vitro gas producing techniques. Fermentation of canola meal samples were carried out with rumen fluid obtained from three mature canulated steers. The amount of gas production for canola meal at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were measured. The results show that the crude protein, ether extract and crude ash were 35, 3.4 and 7.14%, respectively. Calculated amounts of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and net energy for lactation (NEl) contents of thymus vulgar extract (0.15 ml / 200 mg canola meal samples) were 54.329%, 58.13 g/kg DM, 6.50 MJ/kg DM, 0.6708 mmol and 3.33 MJ/kg DM, respectively.