The need for electrical energy is increasing in line with the increase in population and increasing progress in welfare. On the other hand, the availability of fossil fuels as the main fuel in generating electricity is dwindling; so, there is a need for policies that require the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy. The utilization of renewable energy does not necessarily apply freely due to several constraints. One effort is a generator or distributed generation (DG) which is placed in the distribution line close to the load. The utilization of DG must go through planning, especially the large capacity and position on the bus and on the feeder, which will result in small network losses and a voltage profile that meets tolerance limits. Thus, the purpose of this study is to optimize to obtain the capacity and location of the DG calculated by considering the variation in the load through the genetic algorithm method. As a result, the optimal DG position for normal load is obtained on bus 18, bus 20, and bus 32 with capacities of 190 kW, 463 kW, and 370 kW, respectively. The losses obtained decreased from 54.6733 kW to 9.9447 kW, and the voltage profile was maintained within the specified limits. Optimization was carried out for decreasing and increasing loads in percent. The result is that losses can be minimized, and the voltage profile remains within the required limits. The lower the load, the more stable the voltage and the smaller the losses; meanwhile, the larger the load, the more fluctuating the voltage is, but still within the limits specified in the optimization.
In this research, the synchronization between the PV system and grid designed with synchronization parameters are voltage, frequency, and phase angle difference. As a result, by using a synchronization system, the PV system and grid could be parallelized and supplying power into the load at the same time. The synchronization method used is zero-crossing detection because it is simple than the other method. The synchronization system consists of several components; voltage detector, frequency detector, phase angle detector, and switch controller which all of them are controlled using the Arduino board. The switch controller will be functioned based on input from the detector to do synchronization or parallelize the PV system and grid. Testing is done by simulating running in Proteus. Based on the result of the simulation, the system is successful to do synchronization between the PV system and grid, it can be observed from the grid and PV inverter voltage graph and current which is measured from load, grid, and inverter.
Pada penelitian ini dirancang dan dibuat prototipe alat untuk melakukan sinkronisasi antara PLTS dan grid dengan parameter sinkronisasi tegangan, frekuensi, dan beda sudut fasa. Sehingga dengan adanya sistem sinkronisasi, PLTS dan grid dapat diparalelkan dan mensuplai daya ke beban bersamaan. Sistem sinkronisasi terdiri dari komponen voltage detector, frequency detector, phase angle detector, dan swicth controller yang semuanya dikontrol menggunakan board arduino. Phase angle detector menggunakan metode zero crossing detection sedangkan swicth controller akan bekerja berdasarkan input dari detectoruntuk melakukan sinkronisasi atau memparalelkan PLTS dan grid. Uji coba dilakukan untuk mengamati bahwa sinkronisasi antara PLTS dan grid berhasil dilakukan dengan pengambilan data hasil pengukuran arus di sisi grid, inverter (yang mewakili sistem PLTS), dan di beban. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, sistem berhasil melakukan sinkronisasi sehingga PLTS dan grid mensuplai arus ke beban bersamaan. Pengujian dilakukan pada tegangan nominal 12 V dan persentase arus yang disuplai dari inverter/PLTS ke beban besarnya tidak konstan atau berubah bergantung besarnya beban yang digunakan. Inverter mensuplai 50% dari besar total arus ke beban 8 Ω, 24,27% ketika beban 11,65 Ω, 14,28% ketika beban 13 Ω dan 15,90% ketika beban yang digunakan 13,63 Ω.
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