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Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the important materials used in the development of the construction industry. Production of OPC consumes lot of raw materials, emits extreme quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) into atmosphere and highly energy-intensive. Thus, to reduce the production of cement so many attempts are done and an alternative binder was found. The alternative to cement concrete is geopolymer concrete (GC) and it is produced by mixing industrial by-products (rich in aluminosilicate) with an alkaline solution. This paper explores the mechanical properties and a representative non-linear equation was proposed for the relationship between splitting tensile Vs compressive strengths and flexural Vs compressive strengths of fly ash-GGBS synthesized GC cured at ambient temperature for 28 days. This work also presents empirical formulae for predicting elastic modulus of fly ash-GGBS synthesized GC. Equations were proposed to determine the splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus based on the compressive strength of GC. The obtained results are clearly indicating that the predicted (from proposed equations) splitting tensile and flexural strength values are very close to the experimental values. It is established that the formulae found in various codes and literature generally predict the higher values of the elastic modulus than those obtained using the proposed equation.

Cement is one of the construction materials widely used around the world in order to develop infrastructure and it is also one of the factors affecting economies. The production of cement consumes a lot of raw materials like limestone, which releases CO 2 into the atmosphere and thus leads to global warming. Many investigations are underway in this area, essentially focusing on the eco-accommodating environment. In the research, an alternative material to cement binder is geopolymer binder, with the same efficiency. This paper presents scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of factory byproducts (i.e., fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)). The mix design process for the manufacture of alkali-activated geopolymer binders synthesized by fly ash and GGBFS is presented. The mechanical properties (compression, split tensile and flexural strength, bond strength) of geopolymer concrete at different mix proportions and at dissimilar curing conditions were also investigated. Geopolymer concrete synthesized with 30% fly ash and 70% GGBFS has better properties at 14 M of NaOH and cured in an oven for 24 h at 70 • C.Infrastructures 2019, 4, 20 2 of 11 affecting the mechanical and durable properties of geopolymer concrete. These are: fineness of fly ash and GGBFS, molarities of NaOH solution, and curing conditions (sunlight and oven) [5,6]. With an increase of molarities of NaOH solution, the mechanical properties are also increased. Generally up to 14 M NaOH solution is economic and it is suggested can improve the durability of geopolymer concrete [7]. Table 1 indicates the density, surface area and distribution of particle sizes of different materials like ordinary Portland cement (OPC), flyash, silica fume and GGBFS.

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In this paper, the use and effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) addition to fly ash (FA) on the performance of Geopolymer Concrete was presented. A reference of Ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) mix was used to compare with geopolymer concrete. The effect of different proportions of GGBFS addition, ambient curing, and curing age on the properties of geopolymer concrete was reported. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution with 8 M and solution to binder ratio as 0.4 were taken for all the mixes of geopolymer concrete. This paper reported an investigation data on the mechanical and durability characteristics of fly ash-GGBFS based geopolymer concrete and that data was compared with the control mix (OPC). SEM analysis was done on selected samples to estimate the microstructural characteristics. The results concluded that a geopolymer concrete mix containing 60% GGBFS and 40% fly ash at 28 days of ambient temperature achieved maximum compressive strength (55.63 MPa) and further performed durable under severe environmental conditions.

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