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In the present study, to optimize the media for the production of bioactive compounds from Monochaetia karstenii was carried out and compounds were identified by GC-MS. M. karstenii was identified from infected Camellia japonica leaves by classical and molecular taxonomy. It was cultured in different media and determined their mycelial biomass and antibacterial activity. Further Maltose Maltose tartrate broth (MTB) was altered for its media components such as carbon, nitrogen, minerals, amino acids and vitamins sources and physical parameters like temperature, pH and incubation periods for growth and production of secondary metabolites from M. karstenii. The antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds were performed from three different solvent extracts (Chloroform, Dichloromethane and Ethyl acetate) of M. karstenii from optimized medium. M. karstenii had optimum growth in MTB showing mycelial growth of 13.16 g/L. The ethyl acetate extract observed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (21 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm) and Vibrio chloreae (18 mm). In-vitro antioxidant activity revealed that, the IC 50 values for 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total antioxidant radical scavenging assay of 100.58 μg/ml, 140 μg/ml and 141.91 μg/ml from ethyl acetate extract respectively. Thus the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the fungal extract has been due to the presence of biocompounds such as cyclohexenone derivatives, cinnamic acid, isooxazoline 3-phenyl-benzodiazepine, 2-propenoic acid 3-phenyl-(E)-dodecene and 3-undecen -1-yne (E) were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and reported first time in M. karstenii. We conclude that M. karstenii possess excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant potential and can be exploited for the discovery of new drug molecules.

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The present study was aimed to investigate the total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of the bark extract of Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz. Total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids in the extract were found to be 55.35 ± 0.13 mg GAE, 260.3053 ± 1.413 mg QE and 0.182 ± 0.005 mg/g, respectively. The reducing power and metal chelating activity of the bark extract was said to be increasing with increasing concentration. The metal chelating activity (IC 50 ) of the M. tetracoccus bark extract was found to be 647.4 ± 0.321 µg/ml, which was higher compared to the standard, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 1.89 ± 0.03 µg/ml). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The antioxidant activity (IC 50 ) of the bark extract was said to be 0.504 ± 0.002 µg/ml by (DPPH) method. The total antioxidant activity of M. tetracoccus ethanolic bark extract was found to be 275.21 ± 0.21 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid/100 g of plant extract as determined by phosphomolybdenum method. The antibacterial studies of the ethanolic bark extract was also tested at different concentration of extracts, where 250 mg/ml concentration of extract showed good inhibitory activity against all the clinically important disease pathogens compared with standard antibiotics like streptomycin and penicillin. The highest inhibition was noted in order of Klebsiella pneumonia (25.33 ± 0.37 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (22.83 ± 0.31 mm), Vibrio cholerae (20.00 ± 0.31 mm) and Escherichia coli (20.22 ± 0.26 mm). Thus, the bark extract of M. tetracoccus was said to possess significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which suggests its use in traditional medicine.

In this study, an ecofriendly, green method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) has been developed using Mallotus tetracoccus (MT) leaves as a reducing agent. The formation of AgNPs was standardised at pH 7 and 60 °C. UV-visible spectroscopy showed the high peak of absorption band at 420 nm. By atomic force microscopic (AFM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations, the size of the silver nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 46 to 100 nm, with an average size of 73 nm. The energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic (EDX ) profile of silver nanoparticles showed typical optical absorption peak approximately at 3 keV. FTIR spectroscopic study revealed that hydroxyl groups of phenols and carboxylic acids were involved in the formation of AgNPs. Through MTT assay, the cytotoxicity results showed that AgNPs were highly effective on human ductal breast carcinoma cell lines (T47D) (76.8 to 84.9%). Thus, the MT-synthesized NPs are said to possess significant anticancer activity on cancer cells and very less toxicity on normal cells, which suggests its further applications in medicine.