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Using data on 2317 mother-daughter pairs from 10 European countries, we investigate the impact of downward time and monetary transfers on the career choices of transfer-receiving young mothers. For Europe as a whole, we find a strong positive effect of grandchild care on the labor force participation and the degree of labor market involvement of the young mother, but no impact of monetary transfers on either of these decisions. Both recipients and donors with better endowments are more likely to participate in a monetary transaction, while mothers with lower level of human capital are more likely to provide time transfers to their better endowed daughters. JEL Classification: D64, J13, J22

After a thirty-year hiatus, large-scale irrigation projects have returned to the development agenda in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, the magnitude and drivers of past schemes performance remains poorly understood. We quantify the performance of 79 irrigation schemes from across SSA, measured as the proportion of proposed irrigated area delivered, by comparing planning documents with estimates of current scheme size from satellite-derived land cover maps. We find overwhelming evidence that investments have failed to deliver promised benefits; with schemes supporting a median 16% of proposed area, only 20 (25%) delivering >80%, and 16 (20%) completely inactive. Performance has not improved over six decades, and we find limited relationships with commonly stated causes of failure such as scheme size and climate.