Fever-induced seizures are referred to as febrile seizures (FSs). The most prevalent kind of epilepsy and neurological illness in infants and young children is FS. With a high occurrence seen between the ages of 12 and 18 months, they frequently affect children aged six months to five years. FS is a benign condition that seldom results in brain damage. Nevertheless, they cause stress and emotional anguish for the parents, who may believe that the death of their child is going to occur during the seizure. Lately, a more broad-based phrase has been used, fever-associated seizures or epilepsy that includes simple, complicated, and extended FSs. These are the three different kinds of FSs. Febrile status epilepticus is a subgroup of complex FS. The other kinds of FSs are FS plus, Dravet syndrome, hereditary epilepsy with FS plus, and febrile infectionrelated epilepsy syndrome. The most frequent, brief, and generalized simple FSs have a greater likelihood of causing temporal lobe epilepsy than complex FSs. These seizures are linked to the release of inflammatory mediators like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor, which are well-known fever inducers. This article details the factors that contribute to the occurrence of FSs, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of the child.
Background: globalization and migration movements are intimately linked to the expansion of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis has also been the primary cause of death in patients with HIV infection and the leading cause of death related to antibiotic resistance. Tuberculosis may affect any part of the uveal tract. T cell activity is of significance in Tuberculous infection. The phagocytosis of bazillion by macrophage is a significant factor in limiting the spread of infection. However, in patients who have had a previous tuberculous infection, the cell-mediated response is also associated with tissue damage due to the direct effect of sensitized T lymphocytes on the cell containing the ingested bacilli. Ocular tuberculosis is extrapulmonary tuberculosis with a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is considered to infect the lungs of the patients in 80% of cases, and 20% of cases affect other organs like the eye. Ocular tuberculosis is an infectious disease with bacterial etiology that has a chronic case with a poor prognosis. Even the most effective treatment can cause vision loss, and clinical recovery is not always permanent. Ocular tuberculosis frequently results in permanent impairment, lowering patients' quality of life.
Objective: This article reports the various known presentations of ocular TB and reviews essential epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment elements.
Methodology: The present study is a systematic review of literature searched from electronic databases and highly reputed websites like PubMed, researchgate, Elsevier, etc. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and the trial registry in the English language.
Conclusion: Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) diagnosis and treatment are difficult to come by. The disease's current uncertainty is due to mixed ocular tissue involvement, a lack of consensus on best practice diagnostic tests, and global variations in medical management. The present evaluation intends to provide an update on OTB's recent progress.
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