The outbreak of viral hepatitis E occurred due to sewage contamination of water pipelines.

Background: Foodborne infection is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, having long term effects on children’s growth; and considerable illness, heavily affecting healthcare systems. To investigate an outbreak of food poisoning which occurred in an officers’ mess.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the setting of an officers’ mess in an army unit. Standard statistical methods such as calculation of percentage and Chi square were utilized for analysis.Results: It was observed that seven (63.6364%) cases were amongst officers, 3 (27.2727%) cases were among ladies and 1 (9.0909%) case was amongst ORs. 100% cases occurred within 9 to 20 hours of consuming the food.Conclusions: A small scale outbreak of food poisoning occurred in an officers’ mess in a military establishment. Clinically the most likely causative organism was suspected to be Salmonella typhimurium. No microbiological confirmation could be carried out as no food sample was available for the same.

Aims: The workers aim to review disinfection practices in public places in India and USA Main text: Sanitization of Public Places in India: One percent sodium hypochlorite or phenolic disinfectants must be used for mopping of all indoor areas such as entrance lobbies, corridors and staircases, escalators, elevators, security guard booths, ofce rooms, meeting rooms, cafeteria. Frequently touched surfaces should be cleaned twice daily by mopping with a linen/absorbable cloth soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite. Sanitization of Public Places in USA: Surfaces and objects which are not frequently touched should be cleaned as a routine. They do not require additional disinfection. Gloves and PPE appropriate for the chemicals being used must be worn by the workers for routine cleaning and disinfecting. Notwithstanding Government and WHO guidelines, there are media reports of use of disinfection tunnels in various public places in India. Appropriate disinfectants against SARS-CoV2: EPA's registered antimicrobial products are expected to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 based on data for viruses which are harder to kill. Conclusion:Disinfection for the SARS-CoV-2 is quite similar to disinfection which is carried out for other viruses, like the u or a common cold.

Background: Worldwide kala azar affects around 500,000 people every year with at least 50,000 deaths annually. Gedaref state in east Sudan is the epicentre of visceral leishmaniasis in east Africa. Objectives of this study were to describe the outbreak of kala azar in South Sudan, from August 2009 to July 2010, in terms of person and time distribution and to describe the outbreak of kala azar in South Sudan, from August 2009 to Jul 2010, in terms of frequency of various clinical features and outcomeMethods: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at South Sudan with cases of kala azar affected during an outbreak in South Sudan from August 2009 to July 2010. Statistical analysis was percentage.Results: This outbreak indicates the emergence or re-emergence of kala azar in South Sudan. Within the restrictions on movement because of the civil war, further research is needed to investigate the extent of the transmission zone and whether other populations in South Sudan have been infected and have no access to treatment.Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural population.

Background: Approximately 3 million premature deaths occur every year due to tobacco. Gaps were observed in the scientific knowledge about tobacco consumption practices among armed forces personnel in our country. Keeping in view the paucity of studies in this field workers chose to undertake the present study.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among service personnel across a training centre to determine prevalence of tobacco consumption. The sample size was calculated to estimate 95% confidence interval for prevalence of tobacco consumption with 5% absolute precision. The minimum sample size was calculated to be 250, however, 285 personnel were included in the study. “Personal interview technique” was used for data and standard statistical methods were utilized for data analysis.Results: The mean age (standard deviation) of the study subjects was 20.80 years (1.23). The overall prevalence of currently using tobacco in any form was 9.82%, mean (SD) of number of years of tobacco use was 2.33 years (1.27). Mean (SD) of number of cigarettes/bidis smoked per day was 7.52 (6.71). Average amount spent on tobacco consumption per month was Rs310.95 (2.42% of monthly salary). The commonest reasons for smoking is peer pressure, to relax and feel like hero.Conclusions: Our study has helped to fill in the existing gaps in the scientific knowledge about tobacco consumption practices among armed forces personnel in our country.