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Introduction: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an important etiological agent of hospital infections but its epidemiological significance has not been studied in our institution. We therefore determine the prevalence, colonization rates and source of hospital-acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH) in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Axilla and umbilicus swab samples were collected from neonates (346), hand, nasal and axilla from health care workers (125), HVS from mothers (26) at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) and also samples from the environment (28). Using standard bacteriological methods, the samples were screened for S. haemolyticus. Possible person–to-person transmission was investigated by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Results: Out of 525 samples collected, 112 (21.3%) were S. haemolyticus of which 17 (15.2%) were (MRSH). Neonates’ samples had 8 (15.0%) MRSH and 6 (30%) were Medical Doctors had their samples positive for MRSH. Also, 3 (11.1%) nurses’ samples were MRSH. None of the S. haemolyticus obtained from the mothers and the environment was MRSH. Pulsed field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified three main PFGE types (Type 1, 2 and 3) in the hospital. Type 1 and type 3 from babies in Neonatal unit. Type 2 and type 3 in babies from post-natal ward. Four doctors in the labour and neonatal wards had type 1 which was also recovered from a nurse on the labour ward. Conclusion: It appeared that the source of MRSH was from the hand and anterior nares of Healthcare workers in labour ward and Neonatal unit. This further highlights the need for proper infection con-trol practice in the institution, especially single use of gloves for patients’ management.

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Aims: The workers aim to review disinfection practices in public places in India and USA Main text: Sanitization of Public Places in India: One percent sodium hypochlorite or phenolic disinfectants must be used for mopping of all indoor areas such as entrance lobbies, corridors and staircases, escalators, elevators, security guard booths, ofce rooms, meeting rooms, cafeteria. Frequently touched surfaces should be cleaned twice daily by mopping with a linen/absorbable cloth soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite. Sanitization of Public Places in USA: Surfaces and objects which are not frequently touched should be cleaned as a routine. They do not require additional disinfection. Gloves and PPE appropriate for the chemicals being used must be worn by the workers for routine cleaning and disinfecting. Notwithstanding Government and WHO guidelines, there are media reports of use of disinfection tunnels in various public places in India. Appropriate disinfectants against SARS-CoV2: EPA's registered antimicrobial products are expected to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 based on data for viruses which are harder to kill. Conclusion:Disinfection for the SARS-CoV-2 is quite similar to disinfection which is carried out for other viruses, like the u or a common cold.

Background: Malaria the world’s most prevalent vector borne disease, is endemic in 92 countries worldwide, remains a major public health threat to more than 600 million Africans. Approximately 41% of the world’s population is at risk, and each year 300 million to 500 million clinical cases of malaria, >90% of them in Africa, are reported. The objective of the study was to present an overview of the malaria situation in Sudan, to assess the trend of malaria infection amongst the local population of Sudan during the period 1990 to 2008, to assess the trend of proportion of all consultations and mortality attributable to malaria amongst the local population of Sudan during the period 2000 to 2008.Methods: The study design was a retrospective cohort study design. Data from all sources was validated, compiled and analysed statistically using standard statistical tests.Results: Overall malaria incidence shows a significantly decreasing trend during the period of study. Disease burden due to malaria as proportion of all consultations also shows a significantly decreasing trend during the period of study. Mortality attributable to malaria also shows a significantly decreasing trend.   Conclusions: The epidemiology of malaria infection and disease risks are in transition is some parts of Africa, in part as a result of scaling of the provision of insecticide treated nets and adoption of new effective therapeutics.

Background: Worldwide kala azar affects around 500,000 people every year with at least 50,000 deaths annually. Gedaref state in east Sudan is the epicentre of visceral leishmaniasis in east Africa. Objectives of this study were to describe the outbreak of kala azar in South Sudan, from August 2009 to July 2010, in terms of person and time distribution and to describe the outbreak of kala azar in South Sudan, from August 2009 to Jul 2010, in terms of frequency of various clinical features and outcomeMethods: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at South Sudan with cases of kala azar affected during an outbreak in South Sudan from August 2009 to July 2010. Statistical analysis was percentage.Results: This outbreak indicates the emergence or re-emergence of kala azar in South Sudan. Within the restrictions on movement because of the civil war, further research is needed to investigate the extent of the transmission zone and whether other populations in South Sudan have been infected and have no access to treatment.Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural population.