BACKGROUND: Bone marrow examination continues to be the cornerstone for establishing the diagnosis of multiple myeloma in association with other clinical and laboratory parameters. Plasma cell morphology has signifi cant correlation with clinical stage and survival. AIMS: To note the bone marrow histology in detail in multiple myeloma and to correlate it with clinical stage and survival. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Fifty-fi ve cases of multiple myeloma diagnosed between January 2001 and December 2006, who had a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy done at the time of diagnosis were included in the present study. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: SPSS software version 13.0 was used. Clinical stage and plasma cell morphology were correlated using chi square test and Spearman's correlation coeffi cient. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent patients were in clinical stage III, 17% and 7% were in stage II and I respectively. The clinical stage correlated signifi cantly with plasma cell morphology, percentage of plasma cell infi ltration and pattern of infi ltration. Plasma cell morphology correlated signifi cantly with bone marrow parameters like percentage infi ltrate, pattern of infi ltration, degree of fi brosis and mitotic activity. Patients in advanced clinical stage, >50% plasma cells in the marrow, diffuse pattern of infi ltration, high mitosis and increased fi brosis had a shorter median survival than patients with favorable features. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that the bone marrow histology be studied in detail in multiple myeloma at diagnosis since it correlates well with the clinical stage and offers useful prognostic information.
Fabrication of polymer‐carbon composite nanostructure with good dispersion of each other is critical for the desired application due to the nanostructure flaws, agglomeration, and poor absorption between the 2 materials. Fabrication of superhydrophobic surface coating composites of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through supercritical fluid processing was explored in this study. Homogeneity of the composite was characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies, which reveal that the PTFE and MWCNT are uniform in the composite. Microstructural surface evaluation of field‐emission scanning electron microscope and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope studies display that the coating composite possesses roughness structures and fibrillation of the superhydrophobic surface coating. Superhydrophobic character was evaluated on fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRP) sheets, which showed that the prepared coating composite surface showed self‐cleaning properties with a high water contact angle of 162.7°. The surface wettability was studied by increasing different temperatures (30°C to 300°C) in PTFE‐MWCNT composite, which reveals that the FRP sheets were thermally stable up to 200°C and afterward; they transformed from superhydrophobic to hydrophilic state at 250°C. The superhydrophobic surfaces are thermally stable in extreme environmental conditions, and this technique may be used and extendable for large‐scale applications.
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