The aim of the present report was to develop nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) to improve poor and variable oral bioavailability of griseofulvin. Niosomes were prepared by using different nonionic surfactants span 20, span 40, and span 60. The lipid mixture consisted of surfactant, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate in the molar ratio of 125:25:1.5, 100:50:1.5, and 75:75:1.5, respectively. The niosomal formulations were prepared by thin film method and ether injection method. The influence of different formulation variables such as surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and cholesterol concentration was optimized for size distribution and entrapment efficiency for both methods. Result indicated that the niosomes prepared by thin film method with span 60 provided higher entrapment efficiency. The niosomal formulation exhibited significantly retarded in vitro release as compared with free drug. The in vivo study revealed that the niosomal dispersion significantly improved the oral bioavailability of griseofulvin in albino rats after a single oral dose. The maximum concentration (Cmax) achieved in case of niosomal formulation was approximately double (2.98 microg/ml) as compared to free drug (1.54 microg/ml). Plasma drug profile also suggested that the developed niosomal system also has the potential of maintaining therapeutic level of griseofulvin for a longer period of time as compared to free griseofulvin. The niosomal formulation showed significant increase in area under the curve0-24 (AUC; 41.56 microg/ml h) as compared to free griseofulvin (22.36 microg/ml h) reflecting sustained release characteristics. In conclusion, the niosomal formulation could be one of the promising delivery system for griseofulvin with improved oral bioavailability and prolonged drug release profiles.

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The crown of Solanum melongena was removed from fruit, dried, extracted and percentage yield was calculated. Phytochemical examination of the methanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins/ phenolics, flavonoids, proteins and carbohydrates. It was concluded that the extracts of crown contains important constituents for pharmacological activities.

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Nanotechnology is considered to be significant innovative revolution that have found wide spectrum of applications in the fields ranging from medicine, diagnostics, electronics, and communications. Currently used pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as dendrimers, micelles, nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, and many of the nanocarriers particularly in the area of drug delivery, offer a wide variety of useful properties, such as longevity in the blood allowing for their accumulation in pathological areas particularly those with compromised vasculature; specific targeting to certain disease sites; enhanced intracellular penetration of nanomaterial with contrast properties allowing for the direct visualization of carrier in vivo, and stimuli sensitivity allowing for triggered drug release from the carriers under certain physiological conditions. Some of the pharmaceutical carriers have already made their way into clinic, while others are still under preclinical development. Moreover, the engineering of multifunctional nanocarriers with several useful properties can significantly enhance the efficacy of many therapeutic and diagnostic protocols. These novel materials operate at the nanoscale range and provide new and powerful cutting edge tools for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. This review considers current standing and possible future directions in the emerging area of multifunctional nanocarriers with primary attention on the combination of such properties as longevity, targetability, intracellular penetration, and contrast loading.

Abstract:The aim of the present study was to develop evaluate mouth dissolving tablet of meloxicam. Drug delivery systems became sophisticated as pharmaceutical scientists acquire a better understanding of the physicochemical and biochemical parameters pertinent to their performance. Over the past three decades, mouth dissolving or orally disintegrating tablets have gained considerable attention as a preferred alternative to conventional tablets due to better patient compliance. The most preferrable route of drug administration (e.g. oral) is limited to drug candidate that show poor permeability across the gastric mucosa and those, which are sparingly soluble. A large majority of the new chemical entities and many new existing drug molecules are poorly soluble, thereby limiting their potential uses and increasing the difficulty of formulating bioavailable drug products,so lastlly the purpose of this study was to grow mouth dissolve tablets of Meloxicam. Meloxicam is a newer selective COX-1 inhibitor. These tablets were prepared by wet granulation procedure. The tablets were evaluated for % friability, wetting time and disintegration time. Sublimation of camphor from tablets resulted in better tablets as compared to the tablets prepared from granules that were exposing to vacuum. The systematic formulation approach helped in understanding the effect of formulation processing variables.

The petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn. (Asclepiadaceae) were studied for in vitro antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ruantti, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Trichodermata viride and Trichodermata koningii respectively. The methanolic extract exhibited prominent antifungal activity against all the selected strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was performed by broth dilution method and the zone of inhibition was studied by agar disc diffusion method at concentrations of 2, 5 and 10mg/ml in DMSO. Cotrimazole (25μg/ml) was used as reference control for antifungal studies. Results of MIC study revealed the antifungal activities of the extracts against the tested strains in between concentration ranges 50-400μg/ml. The present study indicates the potential usefulness of L. reticulata aerial parts as antifungal agent.