Background:Based on their respective pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles, the Th1/Th2 paradigm explains pathogenic mechanisms involved in periodontal disease. Establishment of Th1 and Th2 subsets from a naive T-cell precursor depends on transcriptional regulation. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of master transcription factor regulators T-bet and GATA-3, respectively, to indicate the predominance of Th1 and Th2 subsets in the presence and absence of periodontal disease.Materials and Methods:A gingival tissue biopsy sample was obtained from each of 10 severe periodontitis patients (>5 mm attachment loss) and 10 periodontally healthy patients (no attachment loss). Biopsies were immediately processed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the difference in mRNA expression of T-bet and GATA-3 was assessed for each group.Results:The mRNA expression of T-bet was marginally increased about 1.31-fold in disease, while the GATA-3 levels showed a significant decrease of 4.39-fold in disease.Conclusion:The advanced periodontal lesions lack Th2 cells, which produce anti-inflammatory cytokines. The biopsies were therefore dominated by Th1 cells, which activate macrophages and osteoclasts.
Papillion-Lefèvre Syndrome is a very rare disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance distinguished by palmar plantar hyperkeratosis and early onset of periodontitis affecting the dentition. Genetic studies have identified a mutation in the major gene locus of chromosome 11q14 with loss of function. Cathepsin C gene is to be responsible for Papillion-Lefèvre Syndrome. The present case report describes a 13-year-old female, who visited the Department of Periodontology with the chief compliant of bleeding gums and loose teeth. She presented with the signs and symptoms of Papillion-Lefèvre Syndrome. The patient had premature shedding of her deciduous dentition. On clinical examination, extraorally, the patient presented with persistent thickening, flaking, and scaling of the skin of palms and soles. Her intraoral examination revealed gingival inflammation, abscess formation, and periodontal pockets. Her intraoral radiographs showed bone loss involving the central incisors and molars. The patient underwent periodontal therapy and is under maintenance.
Aims:Several materials have been introduced as bone grafts, i.e., autografts, allograft, xenografts, and alloplastic grafts, and studies have shown them to produce greater clinical bone defect fill than open flap debridement alone. The aim of this clinical and radiological 6-month study was to compare and evaluate the clinical outcome of deep intraosseous defects following reconstructive surgery with the use of mineralized cancellous bone allograft (Puros®) or autogenous bone.Materials and Methods:Ten patients with 12 sites exhibiting signs of moderate generalized chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. The investigations were confined to two and three-walled intra bony defects with a preoperative probing depth of ≥5 mm. Six of these defects were treated with Puros® (group A) the remaining six were treated with autogenous bone graft (group B). Allocation to the two groups was randomized. The clinical parameters, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bone fill, were recorded at different time intervals at the baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Intraoral radiographs were taken using standardized paralleling cone technique at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. Statistical analysis was done by using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey highly significant difference.Results:Both groups resulted in decrease in probing depth (group A, 3.0 mm; group B, 2.83 mm) and gain in clinical attachment level (group A, 3.33 mm; group B, 3.0 mm) over a period of 6 months, which was statistically insignificant.Conclusion:Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that both mineralized cancellous bone allograft (Puros®) or autogenous bone result in significant clinical improvements.
Insufficient height and width of the alveolar ridge at the implant site remains with inadequate bone volume following extraction in older age people especially in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women are susceptible to primary osteoporosis where more bone resorption than formation is seen resulting in decreased bone mass. Hence the present study aims to evaluate the zygomatic bone region for placement of quad zygomatic implants using CBCT.: A total of 120 CBCT images of female patients who were between the age group of 45 yrs to 65 yrs were taken. The zygomatic bone was evaluated for pneumatisation zones and thickness of zygomatic bone at three different regions i.e., superior, middle and inferior at nine points on zygoma bone along with bone to implant contact (BIC) region using virtual software. The largest thickness in the superior, middle and inferior regions were at Point A2(8.01+/-2.10 mm), Point B2 (7.01+/-1.62 mm), and Point C1 (6.65+/-1.64 mm), respectively. The virtually placed implants at Point A3 (15.92+/-4.16 mm) and Point B2 (12.02+/-3.62 mm) had the highest BICs. : To obtain the largest BICs, results suggested that the posterosuperior region (Point A3) and the centre of zygoma (Point B1) were the optimal places for the placement of quad zygomatic implants.
A Network densification is understood as a critical process in the development of cellular networks because to the exponentially rising demands of mobile data traffic. One possible technology to fulfil the requirements of exploding data traffic in 5G is the Ultra-dense heterogeneous network (UDHN). 5G networks of the future will feature dense networks that can deliver high data rates in crowded urban areas. As a result, in heterogeneous networks, the amount of interference and the number of handovers (HOs) increases as more small cells are deployed. In this case, mobility management is critical to ensure that the user's communication is uninterrupted while they travel between cells. Kinetic Gas Molecular Optimization (KGMO) and Ant Lion Optimizatio (ALO) are presented in this study as a hybrid optimization-based mobility management strategy for enhancing network performance Initially, the particles of the KGMO such as position and velocity of the gas molecule are calculated based on the kinetic energy. However, KGMO offers faster convergence in large dimensional space and this leads to the hybridization of KGMO. To overcome this issues of KGMO, ALO is used by modifying the inertia weight of KGMO. The simulation setup of proposed KGMO-ALO is done in MATLAB environment and validated with other popular meta-heuristic techniques such as Seagull and monarch butterfly optimizations in terms of throughput, Bit error rate, end-to-end delay and HO.
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