Among HIV-infected individuals estimated median survival time from age 50 years has increased by more than 10 years from 1996-1999 to 2006-2014, but is still substantially lower than in the background population. Even among well-treated HIV-infected individuals ≥ 50 years without comorbidity or AIDS-defining events the estimated median survival time remains lower than in the general population.
Overall morbidity and mortality rates in childhood are reported to be higher in males than females. As respiratory tract infections constitute the leading cause of childhood hospitalization, we examined the gender difference in rates of hospitalization due to respiratory tract infections in Danish youth (under age 25). We studied a total of 64,049 hospitalizations for otitis media, pneumonia, influenza, and other acute respiratory tract infections from 1995 to 1999, with calculation of hospitalization rates by age and gender. The male-female hospitalization rate ratio (HRR) for admission due to a respiratory tract infection decreased from 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-1.48) in the age group 0 - < 5 y, to 1.62 (95% CI 1.55-1.70) in the age group 5 - < 10 y, 1.13 (95% CI 1.04-1.22) in the age group 10 - < 15 y, 0.83 (95% CI 0.76-0.90) in the age group 15 - < 20 y, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.80-0.95) in the age group 20 - < 25 y. In young children, boys were hospitalized more often than girls, but the reverse applied in children and adolescents 15-25 y of age. The study generates the hypothesis that gender plays a role in the susceptibility for respiratory infections in early childhood.
Background
There is limited data on outcomes of moderate to severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone in a real-world setting.
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of standard of care (SOC) alone vs SOC plus remdesivir and dexamethasone.
Methods
Two population-based nationwide cohorts of individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 during February through December 2020. Death within 30 days and need of mechanical ventilation (MV) were compared by inverse probability of treatment weighted (ITPW) logistic regression analysis and shown as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
The 30-d mortality rate of 1694 individuals treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone in addition to SOC was 12.6% compared to 19.7% for 1053 individuals receiving SOC alone. This corresponded to a weighted OR of 30-day mortality of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.38-0.57) for patients treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone compared to patients receiving SOC alone. Similarly, progression to MV was reduced (OR 0.36 (95% CI, 0.29-0.46)).
Conclusions and relevance
Treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19 during June through December that included remdesivir and dexamethasone was associated with reduced 30-day mortality and need of MV compared to treatment in February through May.
Patients with HIV have an increased risk of BCC and SCC. Low nadir, but not current, CD4 cell count as a marker of immunosuppression was associated with an increased risk of SCC.
Lost to follow-up (n = 0) Lost to follow-up (n = 1) Lost to follow-up (n = 2) Moved out of the study area (n = 1) Due to a SAE (n = 1) Lost to follow-up (n = 0) Analyses were performed as indicated above and as detailed in the comprehensive CONSORT flow diagram presented in Extended Data Fig. 1. Enrollment Allocation Follow-up Analysis HIV-1 mRNA + and/or p24 + cells (FISH-flow)HIV-1-specific immunity (AIM)
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