Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process received a great deal of attention by many investigators because of its promising applications in several separation areas. It is a rising technology for seawater or brine desalination process. The process simply consists of a flat sheet hydrophobic microporous PTFE membrane and diaphragm vacuum pump without a condenser for the water recovery or trap. In this work, VMD performance was investigated for aqueous NaCl solution. In order to enhance the performance of the VMD process in desalination, that is, to get more flux, it is necessary to study the effect of operating parameters on the yield of distillate water. The influence of operational parameters such as feed flow rate, feed temperature, feed salt concentration and permeate pressure on the membrane distillation (MD) permeation flux have been investigated. The VMD performance showed that this device could reach a desalting degree of 99.99% which was not affected by feed concentration. The membrane distillation flux reached 14.62 kg/m 2 h at 333 K bulk feed temperature, 1.5 kPa permeate pressure, 54 l/h feed flow rate, and 30,000 mg/l feed concentration. With these chosen operating conditions, experiments with concentrated salt water showed a permeate flux decreases with time, but these reduction is less than 14% over a long term experimentation. However, this fouling is reversible and easily removed by a water washing. This study promotes the research attention in apply of VMD for over-concentrated salt water means rejected brines of reverse osmosis process.
The photocatalytic reactors can operate using catalyst suspended in the solution or immobilized on various supports. Photocatalytic reactors with suspended catalyst give much better contact between the photocatalyst and dissolved impurities comparing to reactors with immobilized catalyst. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is a promising photocatalyst, when exposed to sunlight or UV rays, it decomposes the phenol present in wastewater. The available reactors are not so efficient in terms of light contact pattern. The aim of the present study was to design the new reactor and analyze its performance for removal of phenol from water with Titanium dioxide as the photocatalyst. The various parameters were studied to observe the behavior of designed reactor like variations in the initial feed concentration of phenol, mass of catalyst, and change in the intensity of UV light & its source, and aeration of the system. The reactor performance was evaluated on the basis on change in concentration with respect to time. The performance of the reactor was studied by running the reactor in fluidized state for a known feed concentration of phenol. The designed reactor has given a better degradation of phenol up to 95.27 % within one hours of time, which when compared to existing conversion of 94 % in two hours.
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