This study investigated the feed intake, and energy and nitrogen partition of growing lambs fed on diet with fish silage (FS) as a major protein supplement. The FS was compared with the conventional protein feeds like fish meal (FM) and urea (UR). Six castrated and 6 female Suffolk lambs were divided into three groups and fed on Italian ryegrass silage (IRS) as basal ration at 70% on dry matter (DM) basis. The protein based concentrate mixture of FS, FM or UR was supplemented to one of the three groups at 30% DM. The DM intake of animals was not affected by FS diet and was comparable with the other diets. Likewise, the organic matter intake and digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of the animals were unaffected by the varying protein supplements. The nitrogen retention of FS group was 37% higher than that of the UR group, however, the FM group was significantly higher than the UR group (P<0.05). The retained energy of FS group with 116.6kJ/ kg W 0.75/d tended to decline compared to the other groups. The methane energy and methane production of the FS group which were 79.1kJ/kgW0.75 /d and 55.6 L/kg DOMI, respectively, had a lower tendency while the heat production with 13.2MJ/kg DOMI tended to increase compared to the other treatments. The respiratory quotient of the FS group with 1.09 tended to be lower than the other groups. These results suggest the potential of fish silage as a major protein supplement but further investigation is needed to upgrade the palatability and nutritional value.
The effects of additives and a combination of alkaline or enzyme treatment with that of a nitrogenous compound on improvement for the utilization of rice straw by ruminants were determined.In experiment 1, rice straw of ca 500g dry matter (DM) each was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), urea, ammonia, NaOH+urea, Ca(OH)2+ urea, and cellulolytic enzymes such as clampzyme and cellulase with or without urea adjusting the DM level to 65% or 80% and the effect on the chemical composition and the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rice straw was observed.The pH of the straw increased with NaOH, Ca (OH)2 and urea treatments (P<0.05). The treatment of straw with urea alone or in combination with other chemicals prevented the mold growth except for Ca(OH)2+urea at 80% DM level. The treatment of straw with urea or ammonia increased the crude protein (CP) content (P<0.05). Ammonia formation from urea was partly inhibited by the addition of NaOH or Ca(OH)2. The crude ash content was increased by NaOH or Ca(OH)2 treatment.The treatments lowered the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), which was generally lower at 65% DM level than at 80%. At 65% DM level, NaOH and Ca(OH)2 treatments remarkably improved IVDMD depending on the concentration of the additives.Urea and ammonia treatment also improved IVDMD, but the extent was not so great. The addition of urea to alkalis showed slight increase on IVDMD. In general, the IVDMD of the treated straws was higher at 65% DM level than at 80%. The improvement achieved by ammonia treatment in experiment 1 was very low. Therefore, experiment 2 was conducted to verify the effect of ammonia on the IVDMD value of rice straw. In experiment 2, rice straw of 5kg DM each was treated with either 6kg urea or 3kg ammonia per 100kg straw DM and the DM level was adjusted to 65%, 72.5% or 80%. Ammonia treatment tended to lower the NDF and hemicellulose content.The IVDMD was higher by ammonia treatment than by urea treatment (P<0.05). The difference in the extent of improvement by ammonia treatment between the experiment 1 and 2 might be due to the different treatment methods.From these results, the treatment with NaOH 2%+urea 4% at both DM levels and Ca(OH)2 4%+urea 4% at 65% DM level seems to be more favorable for higher CP content, prevention of mold growth and improved IVDMD.
The patients presenting for surgery today often belong to the extremes of age, have multiple co-morbidities, and undergo complex surgeries. This makes them more prone to morbidity and mortality. A detailed preoperative evaluation of the patient can contribute to reducing this mortality and morbidity. There are various risk indices and validated scoring systems and many of them need to be calculated using preoperative parameters. Their key objective is to identify patients vulnerable to complications and to return them to desirable functional activity as soon as possible. Any individual undergoing surgery should be optimised preoperatively, but special considerations should be given to patients with comorbidity, on multiple drugs, and undergoing high-risk surgery. The objective of this review is to put forth the latest trends in the preoperative evaluation and optimisation of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery and emphasise the importance of risk stratification in these patients.
Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is known as a root crop rich in fructans and polyphenol. In the present study, the effects of yacon silage (YS) on body weight change, digestibility of feed, blood characteristics and level of urinary 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) in ewes were evaluated. Ewes were fed basal diets (40% of soybean curd residue silage (SS) on a dry matter [DM] basis) supplemented with 60% of YS (YS group) or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay (BH; BH group) on a DM basis for 36 days. YS did not influence the ewes’ body weight or digestibility of feed. The serum concentrations of total protein, glucose and total cholesterol of the YS group were significantly lower than those of the BH group (P < 0.05). Also the albumin to globulin (A/G) ratio was significantly higher in the YS group than in the BH group (P < 0.05). Suppressing the amount of glucose and total cholesterol seems to be an important role of YS rich in polyphenol in the maintenance of ewes’ health. Moreover, the amount of urinary 8‐OHdG showed a lower tendency in the YS group than in the BH group, though it was not significant. From the above results, it is suggested that YS is useful in ruminants as a supplementary feed that has a possibility of health promoting effects.
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