Objectives:Continuous availability of affordable medicines in appropriate formulations is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in children. Odisha an eastern Indian state records very high mortality of children. The study aims at documenting the availability and prices paid for purchasing essential child-specific medicines.Materials and Methods:The survey of 34 essential medicines was conducted in six randomly selected districts of Odisha. Data were collected from medicine outlets of the public, private, and other sector (Nongovernmental Organization [NGO]/mission sectors) of six randomly selected districts, using WHO/Health Action International medicine price collection methodology. For each medicine surveyed, data were collected on the highest and lowest-priced formulations available in each facility.Results:Both public sector and other sector health facilities procure only one brand of medicines, mean percentage availability of medicines being 17% and 21.8%, respectively. In the private sector, the mean percentage availability of the high and lowest-priced medicines for a particular drug product was 10.8% and 38.5%, respectively. The public sector procurement price is 48% lower than international reference prices. In the private sector, high-priced, and low-priced products are sold at 1.83 and 1.46 times the international reference price, respectively. Substantial price variation was observed for some medicines across individual outlets. Medicines were found to cost 2.08 times their international reference price in NGO/mission sector facilities.Conclusions:The availability of children's medicines in public sector facilities of Odisha state is poor. Medicines for children cost relatively high in both private and NGO sectors compared to the international reference price. The availability medicines should be improved on an urgent basis to improve access of medicines for children of Odisha.
Objective:The main objective of this study is to assess about the awareness, attitude, and practice regarding disinfection and handling of extracted teeth among the students of a dental college in Odisha, India.Materials and Methods:The survey was done with a self-designed questionnaire distributed among the students of a dental college in Odisha, India. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software (SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0., Released 2007, Chicago, SPSS Inc.) and the results obtained.Results:Of the many methods available, the safest and practical methods to sterilize and disinfect the extracted human teeth could be autoclaving, submersion in 10% formalin and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solutions. In addition, it was found that there is a significant need to educate the potential handlers of such extracted teeth about the latest statuary protocol and guidelines.Conclusion:Most of the participants in the study were aware of the established safety protocols regarding how to handle the pathogenic specimens and were putting in practice those standardized guidelines. But still another good number of handlers need to change their casual attitude while following the safety guidelines so as to protect themselves, others and the environment from the pathogenic clinical specimens.
Background: Fluoroquinolones are generally well tolerated; most adverse effects are mild and common are GI upset. But recent literatures suggest increase reports of Cutaneous Drug reactions (CDRs) including SJS with Fluoroquinolones. However there is insufficient data both in animal and clinical study regarding comparative Analysis of CDRs among different Fluoroquinolones. Hence the present study was under taken to evaluate incidence of comparative CDRs among different Fluoroquinolones.Methods: 96 Albino mice were divided into 16 groups of 6 each. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin were administered in Group 1-4, 5-8, 9-12 and 13-16 at the dose of 50/100/150/200mg/kg respectively. The following parameters were observed i.e. Number and % of mice developed CDRs with type and severity. Duration of exposure till development of CDRs, time to Recovery and Mortality in each group.Results: Ofloxacin produced maximum number of CDRs i.e. in 33.3% mice which was significantly higher than that with levofloxacin (p=0.006*). The incidence of CDRs with Ciprofloxacin was 16.67 % and Moxifloxacin16.67 %, but no statistically significant difference than Ofloxacin. The onset for CDRs was significantly earlier with Ofloxacin among the Fluoroquinolones (P=0.013*). The reactions varied from severe dermatitis to serious exfoliation of the skin with ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, Alopecia with Moxifloxacin but no cutaneous reactions to Levofloxacin. Mortality was found only with Ofloxacin (12.5%).Conclusions: CDRs are common and may present as severe skin exfoliation or Alopecia with Fluoroquinolones. The CDRs are Maximum with Ofloxacin without significant difference from ciprofloxacin but significantly higher than levofloxacin which has least potential for CDRs. Fatality may occur with Ofloxacin.
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