Background: Fluoroquinolones are generally well tolerated; most adverse effects are mild and common are GI upset. But recent literatures suggest increase reports of Cutaneous Drug reactions (CDRs) including SJS with Fluoroquinolones. However there is insufficient data both in animal and clinical study regarding comparative Analysis of CDRs among different Fluoroquinolones. Hence the present study was under taken to evaluate incidence of comparative CDRs among different Fluoroquinolones.Methods: 96 Albino mice were divided into 16 groups of 6 each. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin were administered in Group 1-4, 5-8, 9-12 and 13-16 at the dose of 50/100/150/200mg/kg respectively. The following parameters were observed i.e. Number and % of mice developed CDRs with type and severity. Duration of exposure till development of CDRs, time to Recovery and Mortality in each group.Results: Ofloxacin produced maximum number of CDRs i.e. in 33.3% mice which was significantly higher than that with levofloxacin (p=0.006*). The incidence of CDRs with Ciprofloxacin was 16.67 % and Moxifloxacin16.67 %, but no statistically significant difference than Ofloxacin. The onset for CDRs was significantly earlier with Ofloxacin among the Fluoroquinolones (P=0.013*). The reactions varied from severe dermatitis to serious exfoliation of the skin with ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, Alopecia with Moxifloxacin but no cutaneous reactions to Levofloxacin. Mortality was found only with Ofloxacin (12.5%).Conclusions: CDRs are common and may present as severe skin exfoliation or Alopecia with Fluoroquinolones. The CDRs are Maximum with Ofloxacin without significant difference from ciprofloxacin but significantly higher than levofloxacin which has least potential for CDRs. Fatality may occur with Ofloxacin.
BACKGROUNDS-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM) protects liver cells in viral hepatitis and paracetamol-induced hepatic damage, etc. But, there are scanty data regarding hepatoprotective effect of SAM in isoniazid-induced liver damage. With this background, the present study is undertaken to assess the activity of SAM in isoniazid-induced liver damage in animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODSHepatic injury was induced in albino rats by administering isoniazid (INH) at a dose of 54 mg/kg orally once daily for 30 days and served as the animal model of hepatitis. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM) at dose of 48 mg/kg once daily was administered one hour prior to administration of INH to other group of rats (SAM pretreated group) for same 30 days duration and act as the test group. Silymarin 100 mg/kg was used as the standard hepatoprotective drug in the study. The liver enzymes and bilirubin level in serum were measured in above treatment groups and were compared statistically. Histopathology of liver was also compared among different groups. RESULTSThere was a significant lowering of liver enzymes in SAM pretreated group in comparison to the model group of INH-induced hepatitis. Histological examination also showed protective effect on liver architecture in rats pretreated with SAM followed by INH. CONCLUSIONThe results of the animal study clearly demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of SAM against isoniazid-induced hepatitis.
This study aims to study the effect of cromakalim on experimentally induced convulsion in albino rats using maximal electro-shock (MES) & pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizure models. For this study 100 albino rats of either sex weighing 100 to 150 grams were divided into 10 equal groups, 5 groups were used for each model. Rats of group 1 in both models received placebo (0.5ml of distilled water) intraperitoneally (ip), while groups 2,3 and 4 of both the models were administered three doses of cromakalim, i.e. 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg ip respectively. Rats of group 5 received phenytoin 40 mg/kg ip in the MES model and ethosuximide 100mg/kg ip in PTZ model, which served as positive controls respectively. In MES model, 150mAmp current was administered by electro-convulsiometer through ear electrodes to rats and presence of hind limb extension was recorded as the end-point, at different time intervals. In the second model, PTZ was administered at the dose of 60mg/kg ip, 60mins after cromakalim/ control drug pre-treatment. Onset and duration of clonic convulsion was recorded. In MES induced seizure model, cromakalim at the doses of 0.5 and 1 mg produced significant protective effect which was comparable to phenytoin 40mg/kg. In PTZ induced seizure model, cromakalim pretreatment in the dose of 0.25mg increased onset time, decreased duration of convulsion in 70% of animals, while the doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg had significant anticonvulsant activity comparable to ethosuximide 100mg/kg. Cromakalim possesses significant anticonvulsant property both on electroshock and chemoshock induced seizure models.
Background: In Multi drug resistant falciparum malaria anti-malarial combinations are frequently used i.e. Quinine and IV Artesunate. Quinine is associated with electrocardiographic disturbances. Artesunate in high dose produce QTC prolongation in animal models, so the electrocardiogram (ECG) is thoroughly studied.Methods: Severe falciparum malaria cases 15 to 60 years were randomly allocated into 3 treatment regimens i.e. Artesunate, Quinine alone and their combination. Electrocardiographic recordings were taken periodically in 3 groups and compared statistically.Results: The mean QTC interval is significantly prolonged in combination treatment group from 0.40+0.02 to 0.49+0.09 (P<0.05) ECG disturbance (44%). QTC prolongation was commonest (i.e. 27%) with electrolyte imbalance could produce life threatening cardiac arrhythmia (Polymorphic VT with Sr K+ 2.9). Artesunate alone was list prone (i.e. only 6%) Quinine though has comparatively more (i.e. 25%) but there is no life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in artesunate and Quinine.
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