According to the directive of the European Union on the incorporation of biodiesel in fuels by 2020, the aim of this study is to contribute to understanding the feasibility of using ester methyl of waste cooking oil (EMWC Oil) in diesel engine. However, biodiesel is a renewable environmental friendly fuel consisting of esters methyl of vegetable oil, generally produced by transesterification reaction of oils seeds and animal fats. In this study, biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of waste cooking oil has been realized. The biodiesel is produced via transesterification reaction using methanol (6:1 molar ration), 0.5% of sodium hydroxide at 55°C for 60 min of duration and Stirring speed of 200 rpm. The application of design experiment methodology for response surface has allowed us to determine the optimum factors influencing on the transesterification reaction efficiency. The synthesized biodiesel has been subject to several characterizations in order to evaluate its quality by comparing its different physicochemical properties with those described in international norms. Keywords Biodiesel • Transesterification • Response surface methodology 24.1 Introduction Depletion of the fossil fuels and environment degradation mainly caused by vehicles emissions, lead to search an alternative fuel that is available, renewable, technically feasible, biodegradable, economically profitable and environmentally friendly [1, 2]. Biodiesel is one of one potential candidate to replace conventional diesel fuel.
Biodiesel production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is the most suitable diesel fuel substitute, due to its cleaner emissions, engine lubricity, nontoxic properties, and renewable sources. This study mainly focused on improving biodiesel experimental production using ethanol and investigating the influence of main operating parameters (ethanol–oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and stirring speed) on biodiesel yield using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The problem with using ethanol at the expense of the toxicity of methanol as an alcohol is mainly the separation of glycerol from biodiesel at the end of the transesterification reaction. However, the addition of 5% (v/v) glycerol and 1% (v/v) water at the end of the reaction has been found to aid this separation and improve oil conversion. The optimization of the produced biodiesel is carried out through three factors: Face-Centered-Composite Design (FCCD), building a mathematical model, and statistical analysis, shows that the experimental results agree with the predicted values; they are close to unity with the R2 value (0.9924), indicating the correctness of the model. The optimal conditions of catalyst concentration (1.62 wt%), stirring speed (200 rpm) and molar ratio of ethanol to oil (12.9:1) were obtained, resulting in a biodiesel efficiency of 89.75%. The model was also experimentally validated, achieving about 90% biodiesel yield. The fuel properties of the ethyl ester were investigated and compared successfully with the EN and ASTM standards and with baseline local diesel (NA 8110).
This paper presents an essential oil extraction process in accordance with sustainable development and environmental protection. The idea is to use vegetal plant after extraction as a source of energy for steam production and the condensation of steam containing essential oil is ensured by an air-cooled condenser. In this prospect, a biomass burner was designed and its efficiency was evaluated and compared to an electrical heating system. From the experiments it was found that biomass could supply the energy needed to produce steam for essential oil extraction process. The essential oil yield and composition are comparable to those obtained by a classical method using an electrical heating system and a water-cooled condenser. The industrial projection and innovation lays in the integration of renewable energy in existing mobile extraction units by using solid waste as a source of energy for steam production. The condensation of steam containing essential oil can be ensured by an air-cooled condenser with fans powered by photovoltaic solar energy. Possibilities of clean energy integration and water economy in such process unit are the major technological advance in this alternative approach for energy and water savings especially in agro-based industries.
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