Beberapa dekade terakhir terjadi peningkatan prevalensi infeksi virus, bakteri, dan jamur di seluruh dunia sehingga diperlukan upaya untuk menemukan berbagai obat baru maupun bahan aktif yang dapat meningkatkan fungsi imun tubuh. Imunomodulator atau biological respons modifier adalah berbagai macam bahan baik rekombinan, sintetik, ataupun sistem alamiah yang memperbaiki ketidakseimbangan imun tubuh. Kopi merupakan salah satu bahan alami dengan efek samping minimal yang memiliki efek imonumodulator. Biji kopi kaya akan senyawa aktif polifenol dan alkaloid yaitu asam klorogenat, kafein, trigonelin, dan diterpen yang telah terbukti memiliki efek farmakologi diantaranya sebagai imunomodulator, antivirus, antifungi, antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan efek antibakteri. Pengobatan atau terapi akibat infeksi virus melalui pemberian rejimen imunomodulator dari bahan alami kopi memiliki efek samping yang minimal dibanding dengan agen sintesis. Review ini akan mengkaji prospek pemanfaatan senyawa aktif biji kopi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai imunomodulator.
The inappropriate tempering and cooling process of chocolate will cause the occurrence of white spots on the chocolate's surface (fat bloom). The emulsifier can be used to prevent fat bloom. Lecithin commonly used as emulsifier in chocolate processing, as well as hydrocolloid. Hydrocolloids have the advantage of being able to increase the release of active components and easily dissolve in the digestive system. This study is useful to find out the exact type and concentration of hydrocolloid as an emulsifier in chocolate production to prevent fat bloom appearance. Hydrocolloid types of glucomannan and carrageenan have the potential to be used as the emulsifier at range optimal concentrations 0.1-0.75%.
As a renewable energy source, biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly, and non-toxic. Conventionally, biodiesel is mostly produced by a transesterification reaction of triglycerides with short-chain alcohol in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst, but it requires high energy, difficult in the purification of glycerol and there is the possibility of soap formation. Currently, the process production of biodiesel has been directed to the enzymatic process. The enzymatic process can produce high-purity products because it is easy in removing by-products such as glycerol. Novozym® 435 have been reported as a biocatalyst which indicates a high conversion and able to catalyze a variety of organic chemical reactions. It is biodegradable, no possibility of soap formation, and can be used repeatedly. Ethanol used as an acyl acceptor because it is more renewable than methanol. The reaction parameters that used in this research were the molar ratio of raw material to ethanol, temperature reaction, and reaction time. The best result obtained in 7 hours reaction time at 40 °C was 98,83 % of ester yield with a molar ratio of ethanol and RBDPO was 6:1 and the catalyst dosage was 30 % (w/w). Based on the results, it shows that Novozym® 435 is a good biocatalyst in enzymatic transesterification process for biodiesel synthesis.
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