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Objective To investigate the dental health and caries related microflora of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Study Group Sixty children with unilateral cleft lip and palate and matched controls. Outcome Measures The decayed, missing, and filled teeth and surfaces in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. The presence of developmental defects and plaque and gingivitis scores were also recorded. Plaque was collected from 25 of the children and their matched controls from three different sites, which were (1) the first approximal site distal to the cleft, (2) a contralateral anterior site, and (3) a remote site. It was cultured for Streptococcus mutansand lactobacilli. Plaque was collected from two sites in the matched controls. Results There was no significant difference in the caries, plaque, and gingivitis scores between the children with cleft palate and the controls. A greater number of enamel opacities were recorded in the control group, and there was a higher prevalence of enamel discoloration in the children with cleft lip and palate. There was no significant difference in the proportion of S. mutanso r lactobacilli at the cleft site, compared with the unaffected site in the study group, although there was an anterior-posterior gradient in the proportion of S. mutans. There was no significant association between the stagnation area at the cleft site and the bacteria associated with dental caries.

There was no significant difference in the caries, plaque, and gingivitis scores between the children with cleft palate and the controls. A greater number of enamel opacities were recorded in the control group, and there was a higher prevalence of enamel discoloration in the children with cleft lip and palate. There was no significant difference in the proportion of S. mutans or lactobacilli at the cleft site, compared with the unaffected site in the study group, although there was an anterior-posterior gradient in the proportion of S. mutans. There was no significant association between the stagnation area at the cleft site and the bacteria associated with dental caries.

The present research tested a mediation model where mindfulness is indirectly related to happiness through emotional stability and self-esteem. 302 undergraduate students from a university in India participated in the study. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires of mindfulness, emotional stability, self-esteem, and happiness. Structural Equation Modeling results showed that mindfulness was associated with happiness through the mediation of emotional stability and self-esteem. Emotional stability and self-esteem fully mediated the relationship of mindfulness with happiness. In addition, emotional stability partially mediated the relationship of mindfulness with self-esteem. The results of the study shed light on how emotional stability and self-esteem are associated with the process of mindfulness-happiness relationship. Based on the findings, implications and avenues for future research are discussed.