The characteristic of chicken excreta has a very potential as a breeding media for flies and is known for causing odorous pollutants (NH 3 emission) from undigested protein and the activities of urease microorganisms. This study is focused on extracting Maja fruit, to quantify marmelosin from different fruit conditions using HPLC, and to determine the biological activity for handling the chicken excreta problems. In this study, the Kirby-Bauer Test was used to observe the antibacterial activity of marmelosin, the NH 3 trapping method was used to determine ammonia emission, and the larvae population was determined by the Fly-Grill method. Marmelosin contents in MFE from immature, mature, and fermented fruit condition were 108.65 μg/g; 65.83 μg/g, and 23.02 μg/g, respectively. The increasing level of marmelosin addition to 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL caused the higher diameter of inhibition zone against E. coli (p<0.05), which were 2.50, 2.90, 5.06, and 7.27 mm, respectively. The increasing level of MFE addition at 5, 7.5, and 10% (v/v) showed a higher inhibition effect on the NH 3 emission from the excreta. The addition of MFE up to 10% (v/v) had no significant effect on the total larvae population of flies that existed in the excreta. It can be concluded that the highest marmelosin content was confirmed in the immature fruit condition. The highest antibacterial activity of marmelosin from MFE was shown at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. The application of 10% (v/v) MFE to the excreta gave the highest inhibition of NH 3 emission and minimized the average larvae population of flies.
This study aims to characterize and to determine the growth profile of the proteolytic bacteria isolated from Giwangan slaughterhouse wastewater in Yogyakarta City, and to observe the optimum temperature as well as the pH condition for growing in the nutrient medium. Isolation of bacteria from slaughterhouse wastewater was done with a sample from 4 different locations. The isolates were then grown on a medium with a skim (at 0;0.5;1%;1.5 and 2%) and pH condition (at 7;8;9;10 and 11). The bacterial growth profile was measured based on the number of cells (CFU/mL), the size of the bacterial colony diameter, the diameter of the clear zone, and the proteolytic index. Strain PK4 was proved to have proteolytic activity. The characterization of Strain PK4 has shown for colony morphology with a circle shape, white color, flat edges, and convex elevation. The cell morphology was a cocci-shaped, red color, Gram-negative, and having a catalase-positive. The bacterial colony diameter, halo diameter, and proteolytic index were increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of skim milk addition. The optimal growth at the medium has reached by the addition of 1–2 % Skim and pH alkaline (>7). It could be concluded that Strain PK4 was classified as alkalophilic and had the potency as alkaline protease producing bacteria.
This study aims to determine the effects of indigenous Alcaligenes sp. LS2T and Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK in the composting of rabbit feces. This study consists of 3 treatments (commercial starter as control, Alcaligenes sp. LS2T, and Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK) in triplicate replication. Starter growth profile, emitted ammonia concentration, physical qualities of compost, and the compost’s chemical quality were observed in this study. The data was analyzed using a randomized design (One-way ANOVA). Alcaligenes sp. LS2T has a significant ability to reduce ammonia emission compare to Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK and commercial starter. The best result of the chemical quality of compost was done by Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK with water content observed 28.78%, organic matter was 13.75%, 7.97% of C-organic, P total observed 1.38%, K determined 2.52%. Furthermore, the N value was 0.65%, and C/N Ratio observed 14.97%. As a conclusion, Alcaligenes sp. LS2T and Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK had the potency as same as with commercial starter for composting of rabbit feces. During the composting processes, the Alcaligenes sp. LS2T and Arthrobacter sp. LM1KK had a lower ammonia emission occurs compare to the commercial starter.
The leather industry's production activity affects liquid waste containing a high amount of organic and chemical compounds. This study aims to determine Bacillus cereus LS2 B's survival ability in the medium with the presence of fresh untreated tannery wastewater. The growth characterization was made and observed in the agar medium with 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% tannery wastewater. Growth profile in a liquid medium was observed with the addition of 0; 25; and 50% tannery wastewater. The survival ability of Bacillus cereus LS2B was observed by a visual colony formed in the agar medium, the optical density (OD600) of cell bacteria in the liquid medium, and the cell viability. The growth of Bacillus cereus LS2B could not be confirmed at both solid and liquid medium with tannery wastewater more than 25%. The survival ability and cell activity were observed in the agar medium containing 25% tannery wastewater after incubation time at 48 hours. The growth curve was also observed at a liquid medium containing tannery wastewater at 25% during 36 hours observation since at the 12th hour. Thus, Bacillus cereus LS2B could tolerate up to 25% of fresh untreated tannery wastewater in the solid and liquid medium.
This study aims to evaluate the capability of extracellular protease to hydrolyze keratin substrates of local poultry feathers and observing the amino acid profile. The indigenous strains (Bacillus cereus TD5B, Bacillus cereus LS2B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4) were used in this study, and the obtained data were analysed descriptively. Bacillus cereus TD5B has a maximum activity at 0.003849062 unit/ml and 0.000310042 unit/ml on casein and commercial keratin substrates. Each hydrolyzed consisted of Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Glycine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Ileucine, Leucine, and Lysine. The differences between the three feather meals were on the amino acid’s concentration, the specific amino acid (Threonine) in the hydrolyzed kampung chicken feather meals, and the amino acid Alanine in the hydrolyzed layer feathers and also the goose feather meals. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of keratinase in the three hydrolyzed feather meals was observed at 100 kDa. In this study, the highest substrate degradation was observed by Bacillus cereus TD5B at chicken layer feathers (21.25%). During 21 days, Bacillus cereus LS2B could hydrolyze kampung feather at 38.8% during 23 days, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 hydrolyzed kampung feather at 39.8% for 24 days.
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