Campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequently reported foodborne illness transmitted directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Humans can be infected after ingesting undercooked poultry and other meats, raw milk, raw clams, contaminated foodstuffs etc. In the present study sheep breeding farms of Kashmir valley were screened for presence of Campylobacter jejuni, and C. coli. infection. Of the 200 samples comprising of vaginal swabs and aborted material 25(12.5%) isolates were found to be positive for Campylobacter genus, 17 (8.5%) isolates were positive for C. jejuni and 3(1.5%) for C. coli. C. jejuni and C. coli were found to harbour virulence genes like fla, cdt and cad. Amplified flagellin gene (855 bp) of all C. jujeni isolates on digestion with DdeI yielded ∼700 bp and ∼155 bp products indicating no genetic variability among isolates. The flagellin gene sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession no MG417049. Practical applications The present study aimed to screen the sheep farms of Kashmir for presence of C. jejuni and C. coli infection. Food safety is of importance to the consumer, the food industry, and the economy. Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the leading causes of bacterial foodborne illness and are considered as major public health concern. The major routes of transmission in humans are contaminated or undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk or dairy products, and untreated water. Screening of sheep for Campylobacteriosis in the present study is a part of work aiming to suggest control measures and intervention strategies, to minimize the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in sheep and poultry flocks of the state in particular and country in general. This would reduce the quantitative Campylobacter burden in animals and foods thereby reduce the pathogen risk to humans.
Fishes infected with Adenoscolex oreini appeared anemic and the abdomen viscera appeared red on opening the abdomen and the abdominal fluid was tinged red. On opening the intestine necrotic debris was present on the surface and numerous parasites were pesent. The histopathological alterations observed in the intestine of fish were (severe degenerative and necrotic changes in the intestinal mucosa as well as edema between submucosa and mucosa). In parasitized Schizothorax niger, hyperplasia of intestinal mucous cells and enhanced mucus secretion were also noticed. Cestode bodies were covered with an adherent mucus blanket. The analysis of the seasonal variation on the histological parameters leads to the conclusion that the distribution or the severity of the lesions observed in the these organs were not related to the seasons. Such information confirms that histopathological alterations are good biomarkers for field assessment, in particular in tropical areas that are naturally subject to a multiplicity of environmental variations. It must be emphasized that histopathology is able to evaluate the early effects and the responses to acute exposure to parasitic infections and chemical stressors.
Avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (AMPV1) infects a wide range of avian species leading to broader range of clinical symptoms. The ease of transmission has allowed the virus to spread worldwide with varying degree of virulence depending upon virus strain and host range. Rapid detection is an important step to prevent an outbreak of the disease. The present study was carried out to detect APMV-1 from chicken reared in Kashmir Valley. Out of 12 suspected disease outbreaks, all were positive for AMPV-1. APMV-1 was detected using Matrix Protein gene (M gene) by RT-PCR. Detection by M gene is used for primary screening of the APMV-1 in chicken with both virulent and avirulent forms.
Chickens affected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype XIII and pigeons affected with genotype II were characterized for virulence and found to be velogenic and lentogenic respectively, based on protein translation of Fusion protein (F) gene and by Mean death time (MDT) and Intracerebral Pathogenicity Index (ICPI). Clinically, respiratory and/or enteric manifestations were exhibited by the chickens, whereas pigeons showed predominantly neurological signs. It was therefore pertinent to describe the salient pathological features or differences during spontaneous infections in the respective hosts. Disease was suspected in two flocks of backyard fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) showing 100% morbidity and 86% mortality; and in six flocks of domesticated pigeons (Columba livia domestica) exhibiting 21.68% morbidity and 14.16% mortality in a study from August 2017 to July 2018. Gross lesions and microscopic lesions were typical for those described for ND, but viscerotropic lesions were prominent in fowls, while neurotropic lesions were more vivid in pigeons. Gross lesions were suggestive of vascular injury with haemorrhagic tracheitis, enteritis and sometimes petechiae observed in other organs. No prominent gross lesions were observed in the nervous tissue except in some birds showing congestion of meninges. Histologically, haemorrhages, mononuclear infiltration and lymphoid depletion were common. Lesions in nervous tissue were more pronounced in pigeons and represented focal gliosis, loss of Nissl substances and neuronal degeneration, satellitosis and neuronophagia. There was focal gliosis of the nerve tracts in the cerebellum indicating demyelination of nerve tracts. Consistent presence perivascular oedema, endothelial hypertrophy, necrosis and medial hyalinization were noteworthy. In some cases, vacuolation was observed in Purkinjee cells together with presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions. It is speculated that the relatively less pathogenic pigeon strain has sufficient time to generate an overt neurological lesion than the virulent fowl strain. The present findings highlight the salient differences in host pathology in chicken and pigeons and are believed to assist in diagnosis of the disease, particularly while attributing a particular pathotype to a prevalent strain.
The viral strains of the Newcastle disease virus have exhibited genetic and pathogenic diversity since their discovery, which is mainly influenced by mutations in the Fusion gene. This study focused on describing the circulating Newcastle disease virus strain based on the Fusion gene sequencing of three isolates: JKND01, JKND02, and JKND03, which were isolated from commercial poultry in Kashmir. Phylogenetic analysis identified the isolates as Genotype VIIi with the virulent fusion cleavage site motif (113RQKRF117). Homology analysis of amino acid sequences identified amino acid substitutions in the Fusion protein of the isolates compared to the reference strains. In silico mutational analysis revealed that the amino acid changes impact the structure of the protein, potentially affecting the functional behaviour of the virus. Moreover, predictive analysis of potential post-translational modification motifs showed a loss of an N-glycosylation site and the acquisition of a phosphorylation site in JKND02 compared to the reference Fusion glycoprotein. This study reports the first presence of the fifth panzootic vNDV genotype VIIi in Kashmir, highlighting the need for further epidemiological and surveillance studies to better understand the distribution and spread of the virus and to develop effective control measures.
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