Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a threatening mycotoxin, usually provokes oxidative stress and causes hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. Luteolin (LUTN), well-known as an active phytochemical agent, acts as a strong antioxidant. This research was designed to investigate whether LUTN exerts protective effects against AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity and explore the possible molecular mechanism in mice. A total of forty-eight mice were randomly allocated following four treatment groups (n = 12): Group 1, physiological saline (CON). Group 2, treated with 0.75 mg/kg BW aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Group 3, treated with 50 mg/kg BW luteolin (LUTN), and Group 4, treated with 0.75 mg/kg BW aflatoxin B1 + 50 mg/kg BW luteolin (AFB1 + LUTN). Our findings revealed that LUTN treatment significantly alleviated growth retardation and rescued liver injury by relieving the pathological and serum biochemical alterations (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT) under AFB1 exposure. LUTN ameliorated AFB1-induced oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and MDA accumulation and boosting the capacity of the antioxidant enzyme (CAT, T-SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC). Moreover, LUTN treatment considerably attenuates the AFB1-induced apoptosis in mouse liver, as demonstrated by declined apoptotic cells percentage, decreased Bax, Cyt-c, caspase-3 and caspase-9 transcription and protein with increased Bcl-2 expression. Notably, administration of LUTN up-regulated the Nrf2 and its associated downstream molecules (HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, SOD1) at mRNA and protein levels under AFB1 exposure. Our results indicated that LUTN effectively alleviated AFB1-induced liver injury, and the underlying mechanisms were associated with the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, LUTN may serve as a potential mitigator against AFB1-induced liver injury and could be helpful for the development of novel treatment to combat liver diseases in humans and/or animals.
Milk can be considered one of the primary sources of nutrients for the mammalian neonate. Therefore, milk and milk-based products, such as infant formula, whey protein isolate, different varieties of cheese, and others are prepared to meet the nutritional requirements of the consumer. Due to its significant nutritional components and perishable nature, a variety of pathogenic microorganisms can grow and multiply quickly in milk. Therefore, various heat treatments can be employed for the improvement of the shelf life of milk. In comparison to pasteurized milk, due to excessive and severe heating, UHT milk has a more cooked flavor. During storage, changes in the physicochemical properties of milk can lead to off-flavors, undesirable browning, separation of fat, sediment formation, or gelation during the subsequent storage. Several important factors such as processing parameters, time-temperature abuse (storage condition), and packaging type also influence the quality characteristics and consumer acceptance of the milk; however, the influence of heat treatments on milk protein is inconstant. The major protein modifications that occur during UHT treatment are denaturation and aggregation of the protein, and chemical modifications of its amino acids. These UHT-induced protein alterations can change digestibility and the overall biological influence of the intake of these proteins. Therefore, this review is focused on the influence of UHT on the physicochemical and structural attributes of milk proteins during storage. There are many indications of milk proteins present in the UHT milk, and milk products are altered during processing and storage.
The aim of this study was to identify and determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of furanocoumarins in anatomical parts (blade and petiole) of two cultivars of ribbed celery, depending on the age of the plant . Two accurate, precise and inexpensive techniques for analytical detection of coumarin in a relatively short period of time were used in the present study. TLC -the method considered as preliminary, showed the presence of psolaren, bergapten, xanthotoxin and simple coumarin -umbelliferone . Additionally, isopimpinellin was detected by HPLC method . Chromatographic analysis of ribbed celery leaves showed the presence of four furanocoumarins . Psoralen and isopimpinellin are dominant in the leaf blades, wherein content is correlated with the term of harvesting . Bergapten was dominant in petioles regardless of the harvesting time and cultivar.Keywords: Apiaceae, cultivars, harvest, furanocoumarin, HPLC methods IntroductionLeafy vegetables are an important group of plants in the daily diet . Less known species like endive, chicory, arugula, rochet and chard has become popular among consumers . Also ribbed celery (Apium graveolens L . var . Dulce Mill . / Pers . ), valued for its attractive appearance, taste and the nutritional composition resulting from the rich mineral and vitamin composition is classified to this group (Vogel, 1996) . In part for consumption (petioles and partially leaf blades) contains many valuable biologically active substances such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, mono-and sesquiterpenes which make them useful in the treatment of certain dermatological diseases, arthritic-rheumatic, urinary and digestive system (Williamson, 1999;Wolski et al . , 2002) .Plants from the family Apiaceae contain compounds with multidirectional biological activity: antimicrobial, anti-cancer, for the liver agents and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (Chen et al . , 1995;Strohl, 2000) . The presence of these substances is responsible for the sealing properties and capillary walls strengthens, improving blood circulation in the myocardium, spasmolytic, diuretic, platelet anticoagulation, anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antifungal and antiviral effects Quiros, 1988, Zheng et al . , 1993) .Coumarins are fairly common in many fruits and vegetables, especially in the families Apiaceae and Rutaceae (Zobel and Brown, 1990;Ojala, 2001) . These group of compounds are important from A. Najda et al. 68 the therapeutic point of view (Leal et al . , 2000; WaksmundzkaHajnos et al . , 2004) . Currenly, furanocoumarins of natural origin are used in PUVA therapy of vitiligo and psoriasis; furthermore, they are active Ca +2 channel blockers (Murray et al . , 1982;Vuorela et al . , 1988;Coven et al . , 1999) . Furanocoumarins are characterized by a broad spectrum of biological activity . They reduce the platelet agregation in in vitro test (Chen et al . ,1996), they induce apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia, HL-60 cells (Bogucka-Kocka and Kocki, 2002;Pae et al . , 2...
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