This study presents preliminary results for applicability of micro‐Raman and VIS–NIR reflectance spectroscopy in age determination of blue ballpoints inks containing phthalocyanine and crystal violet. Based on chemometric methods, 74 different random blue pens were classified to various types of inks. Then handwritten samples stored in different light conditions were subjected to the analysis. The first set of samples was stored for 7 years at room temperature in an envelope without direct exposure to the light, whereas the second set of samples was aged by exposing them to natural light cycle for 85 days. The L, a, b values were determined on the basis of recorded Raman and VIS–NIR spectra and then used for chemometric calculation. Based on those values, partial least squares models were built, allowing to obtain correlations between ∆E and Raman and reflectance spectra. Relative standard errors of prediction RSEP(%) for obtained models were calculated in the range 1.97–5.13 and 1.20–2.27 for Raman and VIS–NIR spectra, respectively. The proposed nondestructive method allows to estimate the age of daylight exposed samples.
Questioned document examination occupies an important position in forensic science. Its purpose is to provide the authority conducting legal proceedings with reliable knowledge confirming or excluding authenticity of a document, therefore every effort should be made to use relevant and legally admissible examination methods. For many years reliable non-destructive methods have been developed, whose use in expert examination will enable subsequent control both by the authority conducting legal proceedings and other parties in the proceedings. This article proposes the use of alternative non-destructive methods in examination of documents.
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Evolution of political and economic transformation has to a considerable degree contributed to the increase of crimes committed with fake documents. Development of civilisation and technological progress necessitate protection of public documents. To ensure security and trust to the institutions issuing documents their producers and issuers use various security measures to protect them against falsification. Combination of advanced technologies with biometric identifiers is a necessary solution. Implementation of advanced security measures should, at least for a certain period of time, hinder production of falsified documents. Producers and issuers of secured documents should persist in their efforts to look for new and effective technical and legal solutions in protecting documents. In this context legislative work on creating a comprehensive legal act on public documents in Poland is a necessary solution.
It is acommonplace that the internet is one of the most powerful tools at the disposal of contemporary societies; it is also one of the most dynamically developing ways of information transfer. Access to information is the most important and desirable aim of human aspirations. The internet is still developing very dynamically, thus defying any efforts at determining the limits of its advancement; it creates infinite opportunities in various areas, while its great potential affects all aspects of human existence. For years the internet has also been the medium for financial transactions involving electronically regulated cash flow. Many of these transactions are carried out with the use of payment cards, which for many people constitute anobvious alternative to traditional transactions involving cash. The history of payment cards elsewhere in the world goes back to the beginning of the previous century, but in Poland they came into use much later, i.e. in the mid-1990s. The development of the internet, and especially the speed of data transfer which it offers, have greatly facilitated the transactions involving payment cards. This fact poses aquestion concerning the security of such transactions. The popular and universal character of online payments, not necessarily with the use of payment cards, resulted in the emergence of crime involving identity theft and conducting illegal transactions.
Questioned document examinations are among the most important forensic activities. They allow the relationship between various types of writings and their authors to be examined. The contemporary rapid development of technology has meant that for some time, document experts have expanded the fi eld of handwriting examination to a much wider fi eld related to other forms of communication. With the advancement of the electronic age, traditional handwritten documents are often replaced by electronic documents. However, this does not diminish the importance of document examination, but extends the research towards other scientifi c fi elds. The presented volume includes articles written by an international group of professional document experts. This formula allows presenting current research and discussing the results using reliable knowledge. The volume includes studies devoted to traditional examination of handwriting and signatures as well as research on electronic documents. There were also articles concerning the research on the relationship between handwriting and the sphere of human psychology. A separate group includes examining the age of documents and studies prepared with non-standard writing inks, as well as errors and mistakes made by document experts. It should be emphasized that the specifi city of contemporary document research requires a multidisciplinary approach and fully justifi es the need to internationalize such research. In this context, an exchange of views, including critical comments on the basis of document research, is highly desirable. Articles in the volume can be an important source of knowledge on forensic document examination.
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