There have been recent disagreements as to how many taxa of titi monkeys, genus Callicebus, occur in the region between the Purus and Madeira rivers in western Brazilian Amazonia. Three parapatric taxa were proposed for the area: Callicebus caligatus, Callicebus stephennashi, and Callicebus dubius, but the latter has recently been considered a synonym of C. caligatus, even though both form monophyletic groups and are morphologically distinct. We analyzed the geographic variation in the pelage of Callicebus occurring between the Madeira and Purus rivers and concluded that the phenotypes attributed to C. caligatus and C. dubius are not individual morphs, but rather well-marked and geographically restricted varieties. For this reason, we classify Callicebus caligatus as a polytypic species with two subspecies: Callicebus caligatus caligatus and Callicebus caligatus dubius. This classification is corroborated by molecular evidence as well. The morphological and distributional data indicate that Callicebus stephennashi is a hybrid form of C. c. caligatus and C. c. dubius, due to the presence of intermediate characters. Therefore, until more precise locality records are provided and further evidence is presented, we consider Callicebus stephennashi to be a homonym of the two parental forms.

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Fifty years of deforestation in the Arc of Deforestation have put at risk species survival, ecosystem services and the stability of biogeochemical cycles in Amazonia, with global repercussions. In response, we need to understand the diversity, distribution and abundance of flagship species groups, such as primates, which can serve as umbrella species for broad biodiversity conservation strategies and help mitigate climate change. Here we identify the range, suitable habitat areas and population size of Vieira's titi monkey Plecturocebus vieirai and use it as an emblematic example to discuss biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation in one of the largest deforestation frontiers. Our findings show that deforestation for agriculture and cattle-ranching expansion is the major threat to P. vieirai and is responsible for present (56%) and projected (14%) reductions in habitat area and population size. We also found that human-driven climate change affects the P. vieirai niche negatively, triggering habitat degradation and further population decline even inside protected areas. Primate watching can be a profitable alternative to forest exploitation on private, public or Indigenous lands in the Arc of Deforestation and is a way to shift the traditional, predatory extraction of natural resources from Amazonia towards sustainable land use based on biodiversity conservation at local, regional and global scales, local people's welfare and climate change mitigation. New models of land use and income generation are required to protect the unique natural and human heritages of the Arc of Deforestation and the life-supporting ecosystem services and products provided by Amazonia.

The Mammal Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) is one of the largest collections of Neotropical mammals in Latin America, housing about 50,000 specimens. One of the most representative series in this collection comes from the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Among the Brazilian Amazon states, Pará was target of several scientific expeditions led by MZUSP researchers, becoming one of the most representative in terms of number of specimens and species richness in the collection. Here we present a list of the medium and large-sized mammal specimens from Pará state housed in the MZUSP, with comments about taxonomy, the conservation status of the species and other associated information. We found 1,910 specimens representing 79 species and nine orders of medium and large-sized mammals from Pará. Among these, 24 species are currently classified as threatened in Brazil. Furthermore, we found some areas with higher concentration of collection localities, such as at the banks of the lower Rio Tapajós and in the northeastern region of the state. The present catalog plays an important role in presenting the currently known biodiversity of medium and large-sized mammals of Pará, also acting as a primary source for systematics, ecological, conservation and biogeographic studies

Callicebus Thomas, 1903 são primatas neotropicais que ocorrem nas bacias Amazônica e do Orinoco, na Mata Atlântica e em parte da Caatinga, do Chaco e do Pantanal. São reconhecidas 33 espécies para o gênero, divididas em cinco grupos: Moloch, Cupreus, Torquatus, Donacophilus e Personatus. O grupo Moloch inclui espécies amazônicas, distribuídas entre a margem esquerda do Rio Madeira e a margem direita dos rios Tocantins-Araguaia. A história taxonômica dos sauás do grupo Moloch revelou uma considerável confusão, taxonômica e nomenclatural, de forma que sua composição e o reconhecimento das categorias específica e subespecífica variaram frequentemente. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar taxonomicamente os Callicebus do grupo Moloch, reconhecendo, descrevendo ou redescrevendo os táxons do grupo, a fim de elucidar o número de táxons nominais que o compõe. Foram realizadas análises qualitativas e quantitativas a partir de espécimes depositados em coleções científicas. Os caracteres qualitativos referentes ao padrão de coloração da pelagem foram confrontados diretamente em mapas, visando constatar descontinuidades geográficas ou possíveis clinas. Os caracteres quantitativos referentes às medidas cranianas e dentárias foram submetidos a testes estatísticos de dimorfismo sexual, variação ontogenética e variação geográfica. A partir dos resultados, foi constatado que para as espécies do grupo Moloch, o padrão de coloração é a principal característica diagnóstica, não havendo diferenças significativas quanto à morfologia e morfometria craniana e dentária. Sendo assim, foram consideradas válidas sete espécies para o grupo Moloch, gênero Callicebus: C. moloch, C. cinerascens, C. hoffmannsi, C. baptista, C. brunneus, C. vieirai, C. miltoni, havendo ainda a sinonimização de C. bernhardi com C. moloch. Palavras-chave: Platyrrhini, sauás, padrão de coloração, Amazônia. Abstract Taxonomic review of Moloch group, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 (Primates, Pitheciidae, Calicebinae) The titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903 are primates that occur throughout the Amazon and Orinoco basins, in the Atlantic forest region and in parts of Caatinga, Chaco and Pantanal. There are 33 species of this genus divided into five groups: Moloch, Cupreus, Torquatus, Donacophilus, and Personatus. The Moloch group is composed of Amazon species, distributed between the left bank of Rio Madeira and right bank of the Tocantins-Araguaia rivers. The taxonomic history of the titi monkeys from the Moloch group revealed some nomenclatural problems, so that the species and subspecies category varied frequently.Therefore, the aim of the present study was to present a taxonomic revision of the Callicebus species from the Moloch group, describing and/or redescribing its taxa, and to clarify the number of nominal taxa within it. I perform qualitative and quantitative analysis using specimens deposited in zoological collections. The qualitative characters related to the color pattern were mapped, aiming to find geographical gaps or clines. ...