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SUMMARYThe sugarcane industry, a strategic crop in Brazil, requires technological improvements in production efficiency to increase the crop energy balance. Among the various currently studied alternatives, inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria proved to be a technology with great potential. In this context, the efficiency of a mixture of bacterial inoculant was evaluated with regard to the agronomic performance and N nutrition of sugarcane. The experiment was carried out on an experimental field of Embrapa Agrobiologia, in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, using a randomized block, 2 × 3 factorial design (two varieties and three treatments) with four replications, totaling 24 plots. The varieties RB867515 and RB72454 were tested in treatments consisting of: inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria, N-fertilized control with 120 kg ha -1 N and absolute control (no inoculation and no N fertilizer). The inoculum was composed of five strains of five diazotrophic species. The yield, dry matter accumulation, total N in the shoot dry matter and the contribution of N by biological fixation were evaluated, using the natural 15 N abundance in non-inoculated sugarcane as reference. The bacterial inoculant increased the stalk yield of variety RB72454 similarly to fertilization with 120 kg ha -1 N in the harvests of plant-cane and first ratoon crops, however the contribution of biological N fixation was unchanged by(1) Part of the doctoral thesis of the first author, Post-graduation course in Agronomy -Soil Science (CPGA-CS) at the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro -UFRRJ. Received for publication on January 16, 2013 and approved on January 6, 2014. (2) Post-graduate student at CPGA-CS, Soil Science Department, UFRRJ. BR 465, km 7. CEP 23890-000 Seropédica (RJ), Brazil. O aumento da eficiência produtiva da cana-de-açúcar com tecnologias que possibilitem aumentar seu balanço energético é uma necessidade do setor sucroenergético, por se tratar de uma cultura estratégica para o país. Entre as diversas alternativas atualmente estudadas, o inoculante com bactérias diazotróficas vem se evidenciando uma tecnologia com elevado potencial. Diante desse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do inoculante bacteriano no desempenho agronômico e na nutrição nitrogenada da cana-de-açúcar. O ensaio foi realizado no campo experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, em Seropédica, RJ. O delineamento experimental foi em bloco ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 × 3 (duas variedades e três tratamentos), com quatro repetições, totalizando 24 parcelas. As variedades utilizadas foram a RB867515 e RB72454. Os tratamentos foram: inoculação com bactérias diazotróficas, controle nitrogenado com 120 kg ha -1 de N e controle absoluto (sem inoculação e sem N). O inoculante foi composto por cinco estirpes de cinco espécies de bactérias diazotróficas. As variáveis avaliadas foram a produtividade de colmos, o acúmulo de matéria seca e N total da parte aérea das plantas e a contribuição da fixação biológica de N (FBN), utilizando como referên...

resumo a cana-de-açúcar é uma cultura de grande destaque na economia, em razão da produção de açúcar, etanol e energia. tecnologias que possam contribuir para o aumento da produtividade e qualidade da cultura com mínimos danos ao meio ambiente são necessárias. objetivou-se avaliar a produção de ácido indol acético de cinco estirpes de bactérias diazotróficas e o efeito da inoculação delas na brotação de duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar, rB867515 e iacsP95-5000. a produção de auxina foi determinada pelo teste colorimétrico, usando o reagente de salkowski. Para avaliar a germinação, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: controle não inoculado; inoculação mista com as cinco estirpes e inoculação individual com Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus

The use of inoculants containing growth-promoting diazotrophic bacteria can stimulate mass and nutrient accumulation in sugarcane. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plant growth and accumulation of macroelements in sugarcane, variety RB92579, under bacterial inoculation with or without N fertilization. The field experiment was carried out in a Red-Yellow Podzolic soil in Seropédica, RJ, in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of 50 kg N ha -1 ; 50 kg N ha -1 + inoculation; inoculation; and an absolute control. The following bacteria were inoculated: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Azospirillum amazonense, and Burkholderia tropica. The plants were sampled at 100, 130, 168, 212, 261, and 295 days after planting (DAP), and growth and nutrient accumulation rates were estimated by functional analysis of plant growth. Nutrient accumulation rates were highest around 180 DAP for N and P, and around 160 DAP for K, in the different treatments, preceding the maximal crop growth rate (between 210 and 220 DAP). The accumulation of biomass, N, P and K was greater and crop growth rates were higher in the treatments with bacterial inoculation fertilized or not with 50 kg N ha -1 , compared with the control.

We study by a combination of analytical and numerical Evans function techniques multi-D viscous and inviscid stability and associated transverse bifurcation of planar slow Lax MHD shocks in a channel with periodic boundary conditions. Notably, this includes the first multi-D numerical Evans function study for viscous MHD. Our results suggest that, rather than a planar shock, a nonplanar traveling wave with the same normal velocity is the typical mode of propagation in the slow Lax mode. Moreover, viscous and inviscid stability transitions appear to agree, answering (for this particular model and setting) an open question of Zumbrun and Serre.

The use of forage legumes to contribute biologically fixed nitrogen (N) to pastures is an alternative to increase beef cattle production in tropical regions. The objective was to compare the impact of the introduction of a legume with that of N fertilizer application on forage and animal production in Brachiaria pastures. This two‐year study assessed three pasture treatments: (1) mixed Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [syn. Urochloa brizantha] cv. Marandu) and the legume “ovalifolium” (Desmodium ovalifolium) cv. Itabela (Mixed), (2) Marandu palisadegrass pastures with 150 kg N ha−1 (Fertilized), and (3) Marandu palisadegrass without N fertilizer (Unfertilized). Rotational stocking with a variable stocking rate was used with a target herbage allowance of 1.0 kg forage kg body weight−1. The pre‐grazing green herbage mass was similar for Fertilized and Mixed pastures, with 54% and 63% more mass than Unfertilized pasture, respectively (p < .001). Cattle that grazed the fertilized pasture had the greatest average daily gain (ADG; p = .017). The stocking rate and liveweight gain per area were greatest for the Fertilized and Mixed pastures (p < .001 and p < .001, respectively). No differences between treatments were found for DM forage intake (p = .555). Organic matter digestibility was lowest (p < .001) for the Mixed pasture. The inclusion of the ovalifolium legume in the Marandu pasture had the same impact on beef cattle production as annual fertilization with 150 kg N ha−1. The potential and environmental benefits of ovalifolium are discussed.

The objectives of this study were to determine the rates of plant litter deposition and decomposition in Marandu pastures (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) under a) three forms of nitrogen (N) supply, b) at different stages of rotational grazing and c) to compare the single-exponential decay constant (‘k’) derived from litterbags with values derived from estimates of deposited and existing litter (DEL technique). The three N supply treatments were: without or with N fertilization (zero or 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1) or with the legume Desmodium ovalifolium. There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between existing litter and rates of litter deposition and decomposition between the three N supply treatments. The litter decomposition rate was estimated using the DEL technique for the 7-day grazing periods and two subsequent 14-day periods in each 35-day grazing cycle. The litter decomposition rate was (P<0.05) higher for the second rest period (days 21 to 35) at 0.089 g g-1 day-1, than for the grazing period (0.038 g g-1 day-1) and for the first rest period (0.040 g g-1 day-1). The mean half-life of the litter was 12 days using the DEL technique while the estimate from the litterbags was 136 days. Results showed that estimates provided by litterbags severely underestimate the decomposition in relation to the DEL technique and predict a long-term accumulation of litter which is not observed.

This research sought to analyse how the environmental educator process developed by a non- governmental organisation with maritime artisanal fishermen from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil) helped to foster dialogue to face the conflict of marine conservation versus fisheries. The data were collected through the analysis of documents and semi-structured interviews composed of a set of indicator questions divided into three categories: external aspects, internal aspects, and dialogical action and answers analysed using a synthesis of the ideas on dialogue of Martin Buber, David Bohm, William Isaacs and Paulo Freire. The results show the incipience of dialogue in the relationship between the actors. The external dialogical aspects were limited to the weekly frequency of the conversations and some formations of the participants in certain meetings. The internal aspects revealed the establishment of two types of relations: one anti-dialogical and another that we called incipient dialogical. In relation to the dialogical action, it was possible to verify the beginning of a process according to the principles of the culture circles, which did not have continuity. Regarding the pedagogical strategies adopted in the different environmental education meetings, it is possible to affirm that the one used in the participatory diagnoses was the only one that potentiates the emergence of dialogue. Finally, it was possible to find dialogical potentialities, which should be stimulated together with the creation of new ones, in order to allow the effective transition to a new model of fishing and society.