There is currently great concern about the processes that directly or indirectly contribute to the potential for global warming, such as stratospheric ozone depletion or acidification. In this context, and provided that treated water is a basic public utility in urban centers around the world as well as in some rural areas, its impact on the environment is of great interest. Therefore, this study applied the environmental methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental loads of four potable water treatment plants (PWTPs) located in northeastern Colombia following the international guidelines delineated in ISO 14040. The different stages of the drinking water process were thoroughly assessed, from the catchment point through pumping to the distribution network. The functional unit was defined as 1 m 3 of drinking water produced at the plant. The data were analyzed through the database Ecoinvent v.3.01, and modeled and processed in the software LCA-Data Manager. The results showed that in plants PLA-CA and PLA-PO, the flocculation process has the highest environmental load, which is mostly attributable to the coagulant agent, with a range between 47-73% of the total impact. In plants PLA-TON and PLA-BOS, electricity consumption was identified as the greatest impact source, with percentages ranging from 67 to 85%. Treatment processes and techniques, bioclimatic conditions and culturally driven consumption behavior varied from region to region. Furthermore, changes in treatment processes and techniques are likely to affect the environment during all stages of a plant's operational cycle.Keywords: climate change, environmental impact, treated water. Avaliação do ciclo de vida de quatro estações de tratamento de água potável localizado no nordeste da Colômbia RESUMO Atualmente, existe uma grande preocupação com os processos que direta ou indiretamente contribuem para as alterações climáticas, destruição da camada de ozônio ou acidificação, entre outros impactos ambientais. Neste contexto, e desde que a água tratada constitui um serviço público básico em centros urbanos de todo o mundo e em algumas áreas rurais, o impacto de suas emissões no meio ambiente tem sido considerado de grande interesse. Assim, na pesquisa atual foi aplicada a metodologia ambiental de avaliação do ciclo da vida (LCA) para avaliar os impactos ambientais de quatro estações de tratamento de água potável (PWTPs), localizadas no nordeste da Colômbia seguindo diretrizes internacionais da ISO 14040. As diferentes etapas do processo de purificação a partir do ponto de captação por meio de bombeamento para a rede de distribuição foram completamente avaliadas. A unidade funcional foi definida como 1 m 3 de água potável produzida na fábrica. Os dados foram analisados com base no banco de dados Ecoinvent v.3.01 e processados no software LCAData Manager. Os resultados possibilitaram determinar que em plantas PLA-CA e PLA -POR, o processo de floculação tem a maior carga ambiental, o que é principalmente atribuível ao agente ...
ResumenEl poder lubricante del aceite de ajonjolí extra virgen con aditivos de nanopartículas de cobre fue evaluado mediante ensayos de desgaste preventivo y presión extrema. El desempeño como lubricante del aceite vegetal fue comparado con el de un lubricante hidráulico comercial. La lubricidad de los aceites fue evaluada a través de la medición del diámetro promedio de la huella de desgaste, la carga anterior al desgaste visible y el punto de soldadura. Los resultados experimentales indican que las nanopartículas de cobre en dispersión actúan como aditivos antidesgaste y como aditivos de extrema presión. Se encontró que una concentración de 1% de nanopartículas de cobre en dispersión en el aceite base, puede superar el desempeño como lubricante de un aceite hidráulico comercial. Palabras claves: aceite de ajonjolí; nanopartículas de cobre; lubricante; tribología; aditivo antidesgaste Study Lubricity of Sesame Oil with Copper Nanoparticles AbstractThe lubricant power of extra virgin sesame oil with the addition of copper nanoparticles was evaluated by tests of preventive wear and extreme pressure. The performance of the vegetable oil as a lubricant was compared with a commercial hydraulic oil. The lubricity of the oils was evaluated by measuring wear scare diameter, last nonseizure load and the weld point. Experimental results indicate that the copper nanoparticles in dispersion act as both anti-wear and extreme pressure additives. It was found that a concentration of 1% copper nanoparticles dispersed in the base oil has better lubricant performance than commercial hydraulic oil.
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