El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar empíricamente la eficacia de un programa de intervención con mujeres víctimas de violencia de género. El programa en conjunto se enmarca dentro de las Terapias Contextuales, específicamente se ha utilizado la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional, combinada con la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso y la Activación Conductual. Se ha llevado a cabo en formato grupal, durante 11 sesiones de 2 horas cada una. Participaron un total de 21 mujeres (de una media de edad de 45 años), que habían sufrido violencia física y/o abuso emocional por parte de sus parejas, en diferente grado e intensidad, y en diferentes momentos en sus vidas. Se ha utilizado un diseño intragrupo con medidas pre-post. Se realizaron tres grupos de tratamiento en diferentes ciudades con 6 a 8 mujeres cada uno. Para medir la intervención se ha aplicado el cuestionario Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). Los resultados han mostrado una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la severidad del malestar, han disminuido los indicadores de riesgo de suicidio, y han mejorado las conductas problemáticas dentro y fuera de las sesiones, además de incrementarse la apertura hacia los demás. Se discute la utilidad de las terapias contextuales para mejorar la calidad de vida de mujeres maltratadas, y su utilidad de aplicación en grupos en las instituciones públicas. The goal of this study is to empirically evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program with women victims of gender violence. Specifically, Functional Analytical Psychotherapy has been used, combined with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Behavioral Activation. It has been carried out in group format, during 11 sessions of 2 hours each. A total of 21 women participated (an average of 45 years-old), who had suffered physical violence and/or emotional abuse by their partners, with different degrees and intensity, and at different moments of their lives. An intra-group design with pre-post measures was used. Three treatment groups were carried out in different cities with 6 to 8 women each one. To measure the intervention, the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) questionnaire was applied. The results has shown a statistically significant decrease in the severity of discomfort, decreased suicide risk indicators, improved problem behavior inside and outside sessions, and increased openness to others. The usefulness of contextual therapies to improve the quality of life of battered women and their usefulness for application in groups in public institutions are discussed.
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP), based on the principles of radical behaviorism, emphasizes the impact of eventualities that occur during therapeutic sessions, the therapist-client interaction context, functional equivalence between environments, natural reinforcement and shaping by the therapist. This paper reviews recent studies of FAP from the published literature and classifies them into different categories, i.e., 1) integration with other therapies, 2) supervision and improvement of therapeutic skills, 3) methods for evaluation and data recording in therapy, 4) effectiveness and efficacy, 5) the relationship between thoughts and emotions, and 6) application to clinical problems and new types of application.
Traditional methods of diagnosis are of little therapeutic use when diagnostic criteria are based upon topographical rather than functional aspects of behavior. Also, this sentence in the original seemed rather awkward and a bit unclear. In contrast to this, several authors have put forward experience avoidance disorders as an alternative which takes functional criteria into account. This case study presents the analysis and treatment of an anxiety disorder following the formulation of functional analytic psychotherapy. This psychotherapy is based on a therapeutic relationship which puts particular emphasis on natural reinforcement and eventualities which occur in a clinical context, relating them to a natural context, and establishing functional equivalences. The different stages of the treatment are described and details are given of the therapeutic relationship and the monitoring of the results over a period of 18 months.
La Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional está basada en los principios del conductismo radical y pone el énfasis en las contingencias que ocurren dentro de la sesión terapéutica, en el contexto terapéutico, en la equivalencia funcional, en el reforzamiento natural y en el moldeamiento. Por otro lado, la depresión es un tema complejo y de difícil solución terapéutica que requiere de una explicación y una intervención pluricausal. Se presenta el análisis clínico de un caso que presentaba un trastorno depresivo y su tratamiento a través de la aplicación de esta psicoterapia. Se describen las distintas fases de la intervención con ejemplos de la relación terapéutica, y el mantenimiento de los resultados durante un periodo de un año y tres meses. Palabras Clave: DEPRESION, ANALISIS FUNCIONAL, PSICOTERAPIA ANALITICA FUNCIONAL.Functional Analytic Psychotherapy is based on principles of radical behaviorism, and emphasizes the contingencies that occur during a therapeutic session, the therapeutic context, functional equivalence, natural reinforcement, and shaping. Depression is a complex problem with multiple causes; the treatment of depression must therefore be approached from different angles. A clinical analysis of a patient with a depressive disorder and its treatment with this type of psychotherapy is presented. The different phases of intervention are described, with examples of the therapeutic relationship. The results were maintained for a period of one year and three months. Key words: DEPRESSION, FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, FUNCTIONAL ANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY. (Kohlenberg and Tsai, 1991), along with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson, 1999), are two approaches to therapy based on the principles of radical behaviorism and on findings regarding functional generalization, functional analysis of language, and equivalence relations. For further information in Spanish about the implementation of FAP and ACT, two pioneering texts published by Pérez Álvarez are highly recommended: "Tratamientos Psicológicos" (1996a) and "La Psicoterapia desde un punto de vista conductista" (1996b). Functional analytic psychotherapy places emphasis on the contingencies that arise during the session, within the therapeutic context, in functional equivalence, natural reinforcement and shaping Tsai, 1991, 1995). This approach places major importance on what the client says and does in the presence of the therapist, rather than on homework, events that take place in the family setting, or the thoughts the client may have during other parts of his or her daily life. These manifestations are termed clinically relevant behaviors (CRB), and are classified into three types that the therapist should learn to identify as therapeutic goals (Hayes, Kohlenberg and Melancon, 1989;Kohlenberg, Hayes and Tsai, 1993;Kohlenberg and Tsai, 1991, 1994a, 1994b. The first category of CRB (CRB1) are actual instances of the client's problems during the session, and which the therapist should try to diminish in frequency. Normally, th...
Palabras clave: Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional; relaciones terapéuticas; eficacia y efectividad; formación del yo. ResumenEn este trabajo se exponen los fundamentos, las características, y los principios conductuales en los que se basa la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) y sus recientes avances. Sus fundamentos son: (a) el análisis funcional de la conducta del cliente que ocurre durante la sesión, (b) las contingencias de reforzamiento natural y el moldeamiento que ocurren dentro de la sesión clínica, y (c) la equivalencia funcional del contexto clínico con la vida diaria del mismo. Se caracteriza por definir unos objetivos de intervención, las denominadas Conductas Clínicamente Relevantes (CCR) y también cinco reglas terapéuticas como orientaciones fundamentales para el terapeuta. La FAP hace hincapié en la relación cliente-terapeuta, y esto da la oportunidad de moldear y reforzar in situ las mejoras en la propia sesión clínica. Una sus mayores aportaciones es su teoría de la formación del Yo que permite hacer un refinado análisis de los problemas relacionados con la personalidad y su tratamiento. Se describen también los recientes estudios de efectividad y de eficacia de esta terapia con resultados muy positivos en distintos tipos de trastornos. Finalmente, se discute su integración con otras terapias de tercera generación, lo que produce efectos sinérgicos en los resultados. AbstRActIn this work there are exposed the characteristics, the foundations and the behavioral roots that support the Functional Analytical Psychotherapy (FAP) and its recent advances. Their foundations are: (a) the functional analysis of the client's direct behavior that happens during the session, (b) the shaping and natural contingencies of reinforcement that happen inside the clinical session, and (c) the functional equivalence between the clinical context and the daily life problems. As characteristics, FAP outlines some aims of intervention, referred to as Clinical Relevant Behavior (CRB); and also five therapeutic rules as fundamental guidance for the therapist. The FAP emphasized the client-therapist relationship, and this gives the opportunity to shape and to reinforce the improvements into the in situ clinical session. Their major conceptual contribution is the theory about the formation of Self, doing a refined analysis of the personality problems and its treatment. There are described also the recent studies of efficacy and effectiveness of this therapy with very positive results in different types of disorders. Finally, its integration with other therapies of third generation is discussed, which produces synergy effects in the results.
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