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Newly created academic programs at Brazilian universities have provided the impetus for new archaeological projects in southeastern South America during the last two decades. The new data are changing our views on emergent social complexity, natural and human-induced transformation of the landscape, and transcontinental expansions and cultural interactions across the Río de la Plata basin during the Middle and Late Holocene. We concentrate on six major archaeological traditions/regions: the Sambaquis, the Pantanal, the Constructores de Cerritos, the Tupiguarani, the Southern Proto-Jê, and the middle and lower Paraná River. Diverse and autonomous complex developments exhibit distinct built landscapes in a region previously thought of as marginal compared with cultural developments in the Andes or Mesoamerica. The trajectories toward increased sociopolitical complexity flourished in very different and changing environmental conditions. While some groups were pushed to wetland areas during a drier mid-Holocene, others took advantage of the more humid Late Holocene climate to intensively manage Araucaria forests. The start of the second millennium AD was a critical period marked by an increased number of archaeological sites, the construction of ceremonial architecture, and the intensification of landscape transformation; it also was marked by the rapid expansion of influences from outside the La Plata basin. The Amazonian Tupiguarani and Arawak newcomers brought with them significant changes in technologies and social and political structures, as well as novel landscape management practices.

In the highlands of southern Brazil an anthropogenitcally driven expansion of forest occurred at the expense of grasslands between 1410 and 900 cal BP, coincident with a period of demographic and cultural change in the region. Previous studies have debated the relative contributions of increasing wetter and warmer climate conditions and human landscape modifications to forest expansion, but generally lacked high resoltiuon proxies to measure these effects, or have relied on single proxies to reconstruct both climate and vegetation. Here, we develop and test a model of natural ecosystem distribution against vegetation histories, paleoclimate proxies, and the archaeological record to distinguish human from temperature and precipitation impacts on the distribution and expansion of Araucaria forests during the late Holocene. Carbon isotopes from soil profiles confirm that in spite of climatic fluctuations, vegetation was stable and forests were spatially limited to south-facing slopes in the absence of human inputs. In contrast, forest management strategies for the past 1400 years expanded this economically important forest beyond its natural geographic boundaries in areas of dense pre-Columbian occupation, suggesting that landscape modifications were linked to demographic changes, the effects of which are still visible today.

Excavations at Abreu Garcia provide a detailed case study of a mound and enclosure mortuary complex used by the southern proto-Jê in the southern

RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de uma serraria de pequeno porte, localizada na região sul do Espírito Santo, processadora de madeira de eucalipto. O desempenho da serraria foi avaliado pela eficiência e pela amostragem do trabalho, por um período de quatro dias, cada um destes correspondente a nove horas de trabalho. A eficiência média foi de 5,06 m 3 /operário/dia, ao passo que o trabalho produtivo médio foi de 77,1%, superior ao valor mínimo de 75% sugerido pela literatura. A serraria apresentou um bom desempenho, conforme os parâmetros avaliados e a discussão de dados presentes na literatura específica, resguardadas as características intrínsecas da mesma, tais como porte, nível de automação, maquinário e matéria-prima.Palavras-chave: serraria de pequeno porte, Eucalyptus spp., estudo do trabalho produtivo. ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of a small eucalypt sawmill from the southern region of the State of Espirito Santo. The performance was evaluated based on efficiency and work delay ratio techniques for four days (nine hours a day). The average efficiency was 5.06 m 3 /operator/day, while the average productive work was of 77.1%, greater than the minimum suggested in the literature (75%). According to the characteristics evaluated and the literature data, the sawmill presented good performance considering its inherent particularities, such as automation level, machinery and raw material.

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