the economic exploitation of macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeate (Jacq.) lodd. ex mart.] is currently in transition, from extractivism to agricultural cultivation, thus requiring studies on the fertilization of the crop. this study evaluated the response of three genotypes of macaw palm to increasing rates of nitrogen and potassium, grown in the field until the 2 nd year and to establish reference contents of mineral nutrients in the leaf. the experiment was a split-plot randomized block design with five main treatments (N and K rates) and three secondary treatments (genotypes), with three replications, each plot containing three plants. Plant height, leaf number, vigor, and nutrient contents in leaf tissues were evaluated at the end of 2 nd year of cultivation. differential responses were observed among genotypes, indicating that some genotypes are more efficient in the use of mineral inputs. There was a differentiated and positive response to increasing side-dressed N and K rates in the vegetative development of macaw genotypes until the 2 nd year of field cultivation, indicating variability in the species in terms of nutrient use efficiency. The N and K fertilization rate corresponding to 360 g N + 480 g K 2 o per plant, in four split applications over the two years of cultivation, was insufficient to induce maximum vegetative development in the three macaw genotypes. there was no variation in macro-and micronutrient contents in leaf dry matter of the three macaw genotypes.
Vertical mulching is a method for containment of runoff that despite promising is still being validated. Thus, this study aimed to propose and test a methodology for calculating the row spacing of vertical mulching, and efficiency in reducing losses of water, soil and nutrient by runoff in the field. The experiment was conducted from october 2009 to march 2010 during the corn (Zea mays) crop cycle in a consolidated no-till area. We used a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments consisting of vertical mulching furrows opened perpendicularly to the slope, distributed at different distances. In runoff samples, the following attributes were analyzed: volume of water lost, soil mass in the sediment, nutrients in the sediment and water runoff. There were no significant differences for the effect of O mulching vertical é uma prática mecânica para contenção do escoamento superficial que, apesar de mostrar-se promissora, ainda se encontra em fase de validação. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo propor e testar uma metodologia para o cálculo do espaçamento entre sulcos de mulching vertical, quanto à eficiência na redução das perdas de água, solo e nutrientes por escoamento superficial, em condições de campo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida entre outubro de 2009 e março de 2010, durante o ciclo da cultura do milho (Zea mays), em uma área de semeadura direta consolidada. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos constituí-dos de sulcos de mulching vertical, construídos perpendicularmente ao declive, distribuídos em diferentes distâncias. Nas amostras de escoamento, foram analisados os seguintes atributos: volume de água perdido, massa de solo no sedimento e nutrientes no sedimento e na água de escoamento superficial. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas para o efeito de tratamentos nas perdas de solo. De forma geral, os tratamentos com 0 e 5,4 m entre sulcos foram os mais eficientes em conter as perdas de água e de nutrientes (na água e no sedimento). Pela metodologia proposta e nas condições avaliadas, o mulching vertical não se mostrou eficiente em conter as perdas de água, solo e nutrientes por escoamento superficial.Palavras-chave: escoamento superficial, sedimento, valetadeira rotativa.
Pesquisas que relacionam a propagação de plantas e o uso de inteligência artificial permitem melhor planejamento de técnicas silviculturais e aspectos logísticos em viveiros florestais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes volumes de tubetes e de pré-tratamentos na germinação e crescimento de Sapindus saponaria, além da possibilidade de aplicação de redes neurais artificiais (RNA) na estimativa da biomassa de mudas. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 3 × 2, sendo estudado três volumes de tubetes e dois tratamentos pré-germinativos. Realizaram-se análise de variância, teste Tukey e modelagem por RNA. Os tubetes de 53 cm3 foram os mais operacionalmente apropriados para a produção de mudas até os 250 dias de idade. A escarificação mecânica favoreceu a velocidade de germinação (IVG = 1,47), embora tenha apresentado estatisticamente o mesmo percentual de sementes germinadas da testemunha na contagem final. A rede de múltiplas camadas (MLP) forneceu as estimativas mais precisas da massa seca de parte aérea, com perda de qualidade preditiva para o componente radicular. Conclui-se que a escarificação de sementes com esmeril elétrico e tubetes de 53 cm3 podem ser recomendados para maximizar a homogeneidade, velocidade da germinação e produção de mudas da espécie. A arquitetura MLP de RNA pode ser recomendada para estimar de forma simultânea as massas secas de parte aérea e do sistema radicular de mudas de S. saponaria. Palavras-chave: Germinação. Inteligência artificial. Mudas. Sementes. Pre-germinative treatments, tubes volume and artificial neural networks in soap propagation Abstract Researches relating plant propagation and use of artificial intelligence allow for better planning of silvicultural techniques and logistical aspects in forest nurseries. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different tubes volumes and pre-treatments on the germination and growth of Sapindus. saponaria, in addition to the possibility of applying artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate seedlings biomass. Completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme was adopted, being studied three tubes volumes and two pre-germinative treatments. Analysis of variance, Tukey test and RNA modeling were performed. The 53 cm3 tubes were the most operationally appropriate for the production of seedlings up to 250 days of age. Mechanical scarification favored germination speed (IVG = 1.47), although it presented statistically the same percentage of germinated seeds as the control in the final count. Multilayer network (MLP) provided the most accurate estimates of shoot dry mass, with loss of predictive quality of the root component. It is concluded that seed scarification with electric grinding and 53 cm3 tubes can be recommended to maximize the homogeneity, germination speed and seedling production of the species. RNA MLP architecture can be recommended to simultaneously estimate the dry masses of aerial part and root system of S. saponaria seedlings. Keywords: Germination. Artificial intelligences. Seedlings. Seeds.
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