S u sta ina b le A rc tic M a rin e and C oastal T e c h n o lo g y (S A M C oT ), C entre fo r R esearch-Based In n o vatio n (CRI), Hillerborg et al. in Ref. [20] examined the available fracture mechanics theories (stress intensity factor, energy balance approach, and Dugdale and Barrenblatt approaches) to describe crack initiation and propagation in concrete (quasi-brittle mate rial) by means of the finite element approach. Then, they proposed the fictitious crack model (also called cohesive crack model or co hesive zone model), which became popular in various material failure-related simulations. It is a rather simple phenomenological model to generalize the fracture process zone behavior with dif ferent types of material bonding [21]. This model assumes a traction-separation relationship (cohesive law) to describe the linelike (2D) or surfacelike (3D) cohesive zone. There are three
Cohesive Zone Method
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