The enhanced extraction of proteins from rapeseed cake (RC) and evening primrose cake (EC) using a glycerol−choline chloride deep eutectic solvent (DES, glyceline) is reported. Protein-rich precipitates were obtained by adding water (antisolvent) to the DES extract derived at different processing temperatures. The presence of proteins in precipitates has been confirmed by several techniques, such as NMR, ATR-IR, TGA, CHN, and SDS-PAGE. Yield of precipitates improved with increasing temperature of treatment, reaching a maximum of 20% and 35% at 140 °C from RC and EC, respectively. In general, the protein content of the extracts was ca. 40−50%, which is up to 20% more than the starting materials. SDS-PAGE confirmed that glyceline selectively extracted cruciferin proteins (ca. 16−33 kDa) from RC, while proteins with variable molecular weight (10−40 kDa) were identified in EC extracts. As a potential application, cruciferin-rich RCP60 and RCP100 could be incorporated into final food formulations as a source of protein due to its light color.

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The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) and Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae), obtained by steam distillation, and their insecticidal activity against larvae (10 and 20 days old) of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were studied. The activity of the oils was compared with the activity of their major components, aand b-thujone. Isolation, identification, and quantification of the volatile compounds were performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). The major components of T. occidentalis EO were the monoterpenoid ketones a-thujone (69.8%), b-thujone (9.5%), and fenchone (7.8%). The monoterpenoid alcohols terpinene-4-ol and p-cymene-8-ol, and the diterpenoid beyerene were only present in low amounts (<3.0%). All other compounds occurred in traces. In contrast to the thuja oil, the main compounds found in the EO of T. vulgare were b-thujone (61.0%), camphor (13.0%), and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.5%). The insecticidal activity of both EOs and pure monoterpenes incorporated into a diet as acetone solutions at a concentration of 10 mg ml À1 depended on the age of A. diaperinus larvae. Young larvae displayed a higher sensitivity toward the tested chemicals than older ones. The survival of 10-day-old larvae, their body mass gain, and pupation rate were affected. The growth and development of the older larvae were similar to those of the control. In all tests, there were no significant differences between the activities of the EOs and their major components.

Thujone is a natural biologically active monoterpene ketone component of essential oils of numerous plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of β-thujone and β-thujone derivatives bisulfite adduct, lactone, oxime, and lactam application on behavior of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) during probing and settling. The choice and no-choice tests (aphid settling and Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG), respectively) revealed that stereochemistry of thujone was important for biological activity (β-thujone caused changes in aphid behavior while α-thujone did not) and that cyclopentane ring modifications and functional groups addition gave derivatives that possessed stronger and more durable deterrent effects. The most effective modification was the incorporation of a lactam moiety into the β-thujone molecule. Application of β-thujone lactam limited aphid settling for at least 24 h, caused restlessness in aphids and a delay or failure in reaching phloem phase by M. persicae. β-Thujone lactam can be considered a deterrent of medium potency with activity expressed at preingestive phase of aphid probing. Other compounds did not restrain aphid stylet penetration in non-phloem tissues but slightly limited sap ingestion (lactone, oxime), and restrained aphid settling for a period of less than 24 h (β-Thujone, bisulphite adduct, lactone).

The study show usefulness of rapeseed cake, rich in fats and proteins byproduct generated after oil production, which may be used as a microbial medium for lipase and protease biosynthesis. Of 26 different filamentous fungi screened by solid-state fermentation, Penicillium camemberti AM83 was found to abundantly produce lipase and protease. Various process parameters were then optimized to maximize lipase and protease secretion, including carbon and nitrogen source, C/N ratio, metal ions, temperature, moisture content, initial pH, and inoculum size. Lipase production increased approximately 11.2-fold in solid-state cultures on rapeseed cake supplemented with lactose and calcium chloride, alkalinized to pH 8, hydrated to 80%, and inoculated with 1.2 × 106 spores/mL. Similarly, protease production increased approximately 8.4-fold in optimized cultures inoculated with 3.2 × 108 spores/mL, and grown on rapeseed cake with lactose and ammonium sulfate at pH 9 and moisture content 60%. The results highlight the potential economic value of solid-state fermentation on rapeseed cake to produce industrial hydrolases.