Abstract. Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 is an insect that served as a vector for urban lymphatic filariasis. The abundance of this mosquito could serve as an early indicator for filariasis transmission in endemic area. On the other hand, its active period could be key point for this disease elimination. The information of its activities and periodicity in Indonesia was still inadequate. This study was conducted to determine the periodicity of Cx. quinquefasciatus and its potency for the filariasis transmission in Pasirsari village and Simbangkulon village, Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. Two villages were selected, since both had been known to have high occurrences for lymphatic filariasis. Human landing-biting method and hand net were used in mosquitoes collections. The sample collections were done both indoor and outdoor, from 6 pm to 6 am, with 1 h interval. In addition, the possible habitat and breeding places of this mosquito were also observed. The total of female mosquitoes that have been collected was 328. The abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus was different between two villages. The peak activity was at 00.00 to 01.00 am for both indoor and outdoor collections. Drainages with stagnant polluted water near housing area were positively contained abundant of mosquitoes larvae. This result might indicate that there was a high possibility of filariasis transmission in this area.

Vector-borne mosquito diseases are still as a public health problem in the world, including in Indonesia.  Many of mosquitoes species are significantly as vectors of patogen, such as virus, bacteria, protozoan, and helminths due to human health. Samborejo Village is one of filariasis endemic areas and it is still in a high mf-rate. Each of mosquito species has a differential of distribution, bioactivities pattern, and type of habitat of their breeding sites  with others.  The objective of this study was to determine the diversity, dominancy, and periodicity pattern of mosquitoes during night time in Samborejo Village Tirto Distric Pekalongan Regency.  Mosquitoes collections were done by landing method, from 6 pm - 6 am of in an hour period of collection, for biting and resting  activities and also for indoor and outdoor collection respectively. Mosquitoes were then identified and the diversity was analized by Shannon-Wienner Index. The total number of each species was served in percent. Totally there were 339 collected mosquitoes, consisting of 165 (48.67%) females and 174 (51.33%) males. Of all, there were 4 species identified which were Culex quinquefasciatus  (92.1%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (0.6%), Culex vishnui (1.8%), and Aedes aegypti (5.5%). Samborejo Village showed in low diversity with the index of 0.338, and Cx. quinquefasciatus to be the dominant species in this area. Culex quinquefasciatus also became the frequent species in each period of collection for indoor and outdoor, and it showed the indoor active biting at 9 pm, 01 am, and 03 am; furthermore, the outdoor active biting was  at midnight (00) and at 03 am. However,  Aedes mosquitoe was showed active biting in earlier, it was at 6 pm, 7 pm, and at 02 am.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui are medically essential mosquitoes that transmit the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. There is less information about the recording data and research due to genetic character differences among them. The objective of this study was to examine the genetic variation of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui in 3 sites of Central Java using polymerase chain reaction randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD). The study was done in January to November 2017 in Pekalongan city, Pekalongan regency, and Semarang regency. Adult female mosquitoes collected by human bite method. DNA of ten Cx. tritaeniorhynchus samples and fifteen samples of Cx. vishnui purified using DNA extraction kit. Furthermore, PCR amplification was conducted with 5 RAPD primers (OPA 11, 12, 15, 16, and 20) and would run into 2% gel electrophoresis for 45 minutes. Cluster analysis was using MVSPTM software (version 3.1). The results showed 213 genetic characters of Cx. vishnui, while 142 characters shown by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The dendrograms showed three distinct groups of Cx. vishnui from 2 sites of Pekalongan and one site of Semarang, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus showed two distinct groups, which were 1 group from Pekalongan and 1 group from Semarang. Low genetic similarity (<10%) shown Cx. vishnui from Pekalongan city and Pekalongan district, and there was no genetic similarity in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from Pekalongan and Semarang. It concluded that the polymorphism of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui reached 100%. ANALISIS FILOGENETIK CULEX TRITAENIORHYNCHUS DAN CULEX VISHNUI VEKTOR VIRUS JAPANESE ENCEPHALITISNyamuk Culex tritaeniorhynchus dan Culex vishnui memiliki peran penting di bidang medis terutama dalam penularan virus Japanese  encephalitis (JE). Sampai saat ini data dan riset tentang karakter genetik vektor JE masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan variasi genetik Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dan Cx. vishnui di 3 lokasi di Jawa Tengah berdasar polymerase chain reaction randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD). Studi ini dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai November 2017 di Kota Pekalongan, Kabupaten Pekalongan, dan Kabupaten Semarang. Metode human bite digunakan untuk koleksi nyamuk. Ekstraksi DNA nyamuk dilakukan pada 10 ekor Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dan 15 ekor Cx. vishnui menggunakan kit ekstraksi DNA. Selanjutnya, diamplifikasi dengan 5 macam primer RAPD (OPA 11, 12, 15, 16, dan 20), serta dielektroforesis pada 2% agar selama 45 menit. Analisis klaster dilakukan menggunakan program MVSPTM (versi 3.1). Ditemukan 213 dan 142 karakter genetik masing-masing pada Cx. vishnui dan Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Analisis dendogram menunjukkan 3 grup yang berbeda untuk Cx. vishnui, sedangkan untuk Cx. tritaeniorhynchus terdapat 2 grup yang berbeda, yaitu 1 grup dari Pekalongan dan 1 grup dari Semarang. Similaritas genetik yang rendah (<10%) ditunjukkan Cx. vishnui dari Kota Pekalongan dan Kabupaten Pekalongan, bahkan tidak ada persamaan genetik pada Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dari Pekalongan dengan Semarang. Disimpulkan bahwa polimorfisme Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dan Cx. vishnui mencapai 100%.

Malaria during pregnancy can lead to various pathological conditions for pregnant women and fetuses such as fever, abortion, low birth weight, and fetal death. In this study, we examined differences in oxidative stress-mediated effects in pregnant and offspring mice in Plasmodium berghei infection. A Complete randomized design was used in this study, in which 25 mice were divided into five groups. Group 1 as a control group, consisted of non-pregnant and Plasmodium-uninfected mice, group 2 comprised pregnant and uninfected mice, group 3 to 5 were pregnant mice and were infected with 1 x 10 1 iRBCs, 1 x 10 2 iRBCs, and 1 x 10 3 iRBCs respectively. On the fourth day of post-treatment, the parasite level was calculated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of mother's and offspring's liver and spleen were observed by using the TBARS Assay Kit, also the superoxide dismutase activities. As supporting data the histological analysis of the mother's and offspring's liver and spleen were prepared by using the paraffin method. There were sigificant results in the parasites levels and the increase in P. berghei infection followed an increase of oxidative stress in mothers and offspring mouse in the treatment and control groups. The liver and spleen of mothers have been affected with P. berghei infection, however, there are still no effects on the offsprings, and the body weight of the offsprings from infected mothers were lower than uninfected mothers. This study revealed that P. berghei infection had different effects in oxidative stress-mediated in pregnant mice, but not their offspring.