Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas sejarah dan perkembangan madrasah di Indonesia serta peran/fungsi madrasah dalam mentransmisikan ilmu-ilmu Islam. Tulisan ini disusun dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Teknik pengumpulan dan sumber data dan menggunakan dokumentasi yang berasal dari buku, jurnal dan referensi yang relevan dengan fokus kajian. Sementara instrumen pengumpulan data adalah peneliti sendiri (human instrument). Analisis data yang digunakan berupa analisis isi atau content analysis yang mengurai tentang fokus kajian. Kesimpulannya adalah dalam sejarahnya, Lembaga madrasah sesungguhnya bukanlah lembaga pendidikan Islam asli di Indonesia, akan tetapi berasal dari negara Islam di bagian Timur Tengah yang berkembang sekitar abad ke-10 M atau 11 M. Keberadaan lembaga madrasah dalam pendidikan Islam turut mewarnai pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan Islam. Dalam hal ini terbukti dari banyaknya ilmu pengetahuan yang berkembang baik yang dikembangkan pada masa Dinasti Umayyah maupun Dinasti Abbasiyah. Ada madrasah yang mengkhususkan diri untuk mempelajari satu disiplin ilmuilmu tertentu, misalnya madrasah nahwu, madrasah tafsir atau madrasah hadits yang pada gilirannya membawa perkembangan pada ilmu-ilmu tersebut.
The birth of Islamic law schools in the study of jurisprudence such as the Shafi'iyah, Malikiyah, Hanbaliyah, Hanafiyah, Zhahiriyah, and so on is an implication of the differences in qiraat in the verses of the Quran. They interpreted the verses of the Quran with the basic raw material being instructions on the qiraat ordinances which were complemented by the rules of irab, shighat, and grammatical arrangements of arabic linguistic rules. The research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method approach. The purpose of this study is to understand the methodology of taking Islamic law carried out by mujtahid fiqh; and how the form of the legal product resulted from the difference in qiraat. The results of this study show that the legal case of differences in qiraat to the legal status of a wife who is menstruating (QS. al-Baqarah: 222) which gives birth to three different interpretations, namely: The Hanafi Imam School is of the view that a wife is considered holy from the menstrual state, if her menstrual blood has stopped. The jumhur school/majority of scholars consisting of imams Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali are of the view that the sacred condition of a wife who is menstruating is that when she has done a big bath, then a husband is justified to take her captive. It is not permissible for the husband to take care of a wife, even though she has stopped her menstrual blood, but the wife has done a big bath. Mazhab al-Thawas and al-Mujahid argue that it is permissible for the husband to treat his wife who is menstruating by washing the wife's, then she is in the form and allowed to perform prayers immediately.
This research is intended to find out about the process of learning Arabic at SMPIT Al-Mumtaz Pontianak, West Kalimantan, and the attitudes of students towards the process of Arabic learning and teaching. This research is important to do considering that students' attitudes toward learning play such an important role in motivating responses, improving performance, strengthening interest, and improving learning outcomes. Students' attitudes towards the learning process can affect student learning outcomes, so when students have a positive attitude and feel confident in their abilities, they will be able to achieve better results. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. To process the results, the percentage formula is used. The results of this study found that the process of learning Arabic at SMPIT Al-Mumtaz had been carried out well, from the planning, implementation, and rating processes. Meanwhile, students' attitudes toward learning Arabic were in a good category.
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